Current Topics in Cellular Regulation

Eukaryotic DNA Methylation and Gene Expression

I. Introduction

II. In Vitro Methylation by Mammalian DNA Methyltransferases

III. Methylation of the Mouse ß-Globin (Major) Gene

IV. DNA Sequence of the Mouse ß-Globin (Major) Gene

V. Genomic Sequencing: Direct Sequencing of Native, Uncloned DNA

VI. Concluding Remarks

References

Regulation of Nitrogenase Activity by Reversible ADP Ribosylation

I. Properties of Nitrogenase

II. Observations Leading to the Discovery of Covalent Modification of Dinitrogenase Reductase

III. Identification of ADP-Ribose as the Modifying Group

IV. Purification and Properties of Dinitrogenase Reductase-Activating Glycohydrolase

V. Reaction Catalyzed by Dinitrogenase Reductase-Activating Glycohydrolase

VI. Discovery, Purification, and Properties of Dinitrogenase Reductase ADP-Ribosyltransferase

VII. Role of ADP Ribosylation in the Physiology of Rhodospirillum rubrum

VIII. Role of Nucleotides in the Regulation of Switch-Off

IX. Role of Pyridine Nucleotides in the Regulation of Switch-Off

X. Demonstration That ADP Ribosylation Is Reversible in Vivo

XI. Regulation of the ADP Ribosylation Cycle

XII. Regulation of Dinitrogenase Reductase in Dark-Grown Cells

XIII. Effect of the Oxidation State of Dinitrogenase Reductase on Regulation in Vivo

XIV. Role of Divalent Metals in Regulation in Vivo

XV. Is ADP Ribosylation of Dinitrogenase Reductase a Fine-Tuning Device or an On-Off Switch?

XVI. Relationship to the Glutamine Synthetase Cascade

XVII. Genes for Dinitrogenase Reductase-Activating Glycohydrolase and Dinitrogenase Reductase ADP-Ribosyltransferase

XVIII. Properties of the ADP-Ribosylated Dinitrogenase Reductase

XIX. ADP Ribosylation in Other Organisms

XX. Other Roles for Dinitrogenase Reductase-Activating Glycohydrolase and Dinitrogenase Reductase ADP-Ribosyltransferase

XXI. Concluding Remarks

References

Recognition of DNA by Type II Restriction Enzymes

I. Outline of Restriction/Modification Systems

II. Molecular Mechanism of DNA Recognition

III. Genetic Analysis of Restriction/Modification Systems

IV. Characterization of Proteins

V. Catalytic Mechanisms of Restriction Enzymes

VI. DNA Sequence Specificity

VII. Location of Recognition Sites on DNA

VIII. Future Prospects

References

The Intracellular Site of Action of Insulin: The Mitochondrial Krebs Cycle

I. Introduction

II. Anabolic Processes Stimulated by Insulin

III. Hexokinase and Mitochondria

IV. Action of Insulin on the Gluconeogenic and Oxidative Pathways

V. Effects of Insulin on Energy Production and Utilization

VI. Receptor and the Glucose Transporter in Relation to the Hexokinase Mitochondrial Theory of Insulin Action: Summary and Predictions

References

Nonequilibrium Isotope Exchange Methods for Investigating Enzyme Mechanisms

I. Introduction

II. Theory

III. Measurement of Flux Ratios

IV. Applications

V. Discussion

References

Transducin: A Signaling Switch Regulated by Guanine Nucleotides

I. Introduction

II. cGMP Cascade in Visual Excitation

III. Subunits of Transducin

IV. Functional Domains of Tα

V. Generalized Coupling Mechanism Among Transduction Enzymes

VI. Concluding Remarks

References

Coordinate Interactions of Cyclic Nucleotide and Phospholipid Metabolizing Pathways in Calcium-Dependent Cellular Processes

I. Introduction

II. Lipids and cAMP

III. Lipids and cGMP

IV. Cyclic Nucleotide-Dependent Protein Kinases and Lipids

V. Lipids and Phosphodiesterases

VI. Summary and Conclusions

References

Index