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Crystal Growth
International Series on the Science of the Solid State
2nd Edition - January 1, 1980
Editor: Brian R. Pamplin
Language: English
eBook ISBN:9781483161464
9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 1 - 6 1 4 6 - 4
Crystal Growth, Second Edition deals with crystal growth methods and the relationships between them. The chemical physics of crystal growth is discussed, along with solid growth…Read more
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Crystal Growth, Second Edition deals with crystal growth methods and the relationships between them. The chemical physics of crystal growth is discussed, along with solid growth techniques such as annealing, sintering, and hot pressing; melt growth techniques such as normal freezing, cooled seed method, crystal pulling, and zone melting; solution growth methods; and vapor phase growth. This book is comprised of 15 chapters and opens with a bibliography of books and source material, highlighted by a classification of crystal growth techniques. The following chapters focus on the molecular state of a crystal when in equilibrium with respect to growth or dissolution; the fundamentals of classical and modern hydrodynamics as applied to crystal growth processes; creation, control, and measurement of the environment in which a crystal with desired properties can grow; and growth processes where transport occurs through the vapor phase. The reader is also introduced to crystal growth with molecular beam epitaxy; crystal pulling as a crystal growth method; and zone refining and its applications. This monograph will be of interest to physicists and crystallographers.
1. Introduction to Crystal Growth Methods
1.1. Main Categories of Crystal Growth Methods
1.2. The Chemical Physics of Crystal Growth
1.3. Solid Growth Techniques
1.3.1. Introduction
1.3.2. Annealing Techniques
1.3.3. Sintering and Hot Pressing
1.4. Melt Growth Techniques
1.4.1. Introduction
1.4.2. Normal Freezing, Directional Freezing, or Bridgman-Stockbarger Method
1.4.3. Cooled Seed Method
1.4.4. Crystal Pulling
1.4.5. Zone Melting
1.4.6. Flame Fusion Techniques
1.4.7. Arc Fusion Techniques
1.5. Solution Growth Methods
1.6. Vapor Phase Growth
1.7. Choosing a Crystal Growth Method
1.8. The Literature of Crystal Growth
2. Nucleation and Growth Theory
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Crystal Models
2.2.1. Atomic Bonding
2.2.2. Formation Energy of Clusters on a Crystal Plane
2.2.3. Surface Diffusion
2.3. Supersaturation, Supercooling, and Volume Energy
2.3.1. Growth from the Vapor
2.3.2. Growth from the Melt
2.3.3. Growth from Solution
2.4. Basic Nucleation Theory
2.5. Three-dimensional Nucleation
2.5.1. Nucleus Formation Energy
2.5.2. The Formation Energy of Liquid Nuclei
2.5.3. The Formation Energy of Crystalline Nuclei
2.5.4. Nucleation Rates
2.6. The Growth of Crystal Surfaces
2.6.1. Introduction
2.6.2. The Equilibrium Structure of Surfaces and Steps
2.6.3. The Equilibrium Structure and Formation Energy of Two-dimensional Nuclei
2.6.4. Two-dimensional Nucleation and Growth
2.6.5. Screw Dislocation Growth
2.6.6. Application to Vapor, Melt, and Solution Growth
2.7. Simulated Crystal Growth
2.7.1. The Scope and Objectives of Simulation Studies
2.7.2. Equilibrium Surface Structure
2.7.3. Nucleation and Growth
2.8. Material and Heat Flow in Crystal Growth
2.8.1. Growth from Solution
2.8.2. Growth from the Melt
2.8.3. Growth from the Vapor
2.9. The Kinetic Generation of Crystal Forms
2.9.1. Whiskers
2.9.2. Needles and Platelets
2.9.3. Flat Faces
2.9.4. Equilibrium and Characteristic Habits
2.9.5. Dendrites
3. Hydrodynamics of Crystal Growth Processes
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Fundamentals
3.2.1. Flowfields
3.2.2. The Flownet
3.2.3. Navier-Stokes Equations
3.2.4. The Vorticity Transport Equation
3.2.5. Transport Coefficients
3.3. Flow over Crystals in Solution
3.3.1. Stokes Flow
3.3.2. Flow around Asymmetric Crystals in Solutions
3.3.3. Flow Separation
3.4. Boundary Layer Phenomena
3.4.1. Boundary Layers
3.4.2. Boundary Layer Flow over a Flat Surface
3.5. Flow in Rotating Fluids
3.5.1. Flow to a Rotating Disk Substrate
3.5.2. Flow to a Rotating Fluid
3.5.3. Flow between Two Rotating Plane Surfaces
3.5.4. Accelerated Crucible Crystal Growth
3.5.5. Detached Shear Layers
3.5.6. Flow in Czochralski Crystal Growth
3.6. Flow in Gas Phase Epitaxial Reactors
3.6.1. Flow in a Straight Channel
3.6.2. Flow in Vertical Cylinder Reactors
3.6.3. Stagnation Flow Reactors
3.7. Thermally Driven Flow
3.7.1. Convective Flow on Vertical Surfaces
3.7.2. Convective Flow in Fluids Heated from below
3.7.3. Horizontal Normal Freezing
3.7.4. Convective Instabilities in Vapor Phase Crystal Growth