Contemporary Neurology
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Contemporary Neurology compiles a large series of papers on the commonest neurological problems. This book discusses the management of epilepsy, involuntary movements, nerve and muscle diseases, and multiple sclerosis. The areas on infections, cerebrovascular disease, trauma, intracranial pressure, and vertebral column are also elaborated. This text likewise describes medical procedures on how to do a lumbar and cisternal puncture. Other topics include headache in children, hyperventilation, dizziness, funny turns—neurological, dysarthria, facial pain, and nystagmus. The weakness of the legs, loss of memory, coma, brain death, complications of alcoholism, and stupor and akinetic mutism are also covered. This publication is valuable to clinicians and examination candidates preparing for the DPM, MRCP (UK) and Neurology/Psychiatry “Boards”.
Table of Contents
Contemporary Neurology
Preface
List of Contributors
Chapter 1. Headache
Acute Single Episodes of Headache
Acute Recurrent Episodes of Headache
Headaches of Subacute Onset
Chronic Headache
Conclusion
Front Cover
References
Contemporary Neurology
Chapter 2. Headache in Children
Incidence
Acute Headache in A Previously Healthy Child
Recurrent Or Chronic Headaches
Unexplained Recurrent Headaches
Migraine
Tension Headache
Investigation in A Child with "Unexplained" Headaches
References
Chapter 3. Funny Turns-Neurological
Drop in Cerebral Perfusion
Basilar Ischaemia
Epilepsy
Breath-Holding Attacks in Children
Intermittent Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Trauma
Prostrating Vertigo
Cryptogenic Drop Attacks of Women
Narcolepsy
Metabolic Causes
Hyperventilation
Hysteria
Investigation and Management
References
Chapter 4. Funny Turns-Cardiac
Funny Turns Resulting From Cardiac Arrhythmias
Fainting
Carotid Sinus Syncope
Funny Turns in Patients with Pacemakers
Funny Turns That Do Not Involve Arrhythmias
Drugs
Cardiac Investigation of Patients with Funny Turn
References
Chapter 5. Hyperventilation
Diagnosis
Mechanisms of Action
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6. Dizziness
Children
Adults
Investigation
Management
References
Chapter 7. Dysarthria
Dysphonia
Dysphasia
The Causes of Dysarthria
Clinical Course
Dysarthria in Childhood
References
Chapter 8. Facial Pain
Infection
Ocular Causes
Dental Occlusion and Malfunction of the Temporomandibular Joint
Salivary Calculi
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
Trigeminal Neuropathy
Trigeminal Nerve Lesions
Atypical Facial Pain
Cluster Headaches
Migraine Variants
Causalgia
References
Chapter 9. Nystagmus
Clinically Significant Nystagmus
Nomenclature
Commoner Types of Nystagmus
Rarer Types of Nystagmus
Other Abnormal Ocular Movements
Summary
References
Chapter 10. Pins and Needles
Clinical Features
Diffuse Pins and Needles
Pins and Needles Localized to the Limbs
Pins and Needles Localized to An Area of A Limb
Chapter 11. The Wasted Hand
The Median Nerve
The Ulnar Nerve
Combined Median and Ulnar Nerve Lesions
Brachial Plexus
Spinal Cord Disease
Clinical Summary
References
Chapter 12. Weakness of the Legs
Acute Paraplegia
Chronic Spastic Paraparesis
Unilateral Spastic Weakness
Foot Drop
Proximal Weakness: The Quadriceps Syndrome
Other Causes of Weakness of the Legs
Chapter 13. Loss of Memory
Neuropathology of Amnesia
Psychogenic Factors
Permanent Amnesic States
Treatment
Addendum
References
Chapter 14. Stupor and Akinetic Mutism
Depressive Stupor
Catatonic Stupor
Organic Stupor (Akinetic Mutism)
Psychogenic Stupor
Simulated Stupor
Pathophysiology
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15. Coma
Diffuse Disorders
Localized Brain Disease
Plan of Treatment
References
Chapter 16. Brain Death
Clinical Criteria
Eeg
Cerebral Circulation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17. Complications of Alcoholism
Intoxication Phenomena
Withdrawal Phenomena
Toxic and Deficiency Disorders
"Functional" Disorders with An Alcoholic Component
References
Management of Epilepsy
Chapter 18. Blackouts
Chapter 19. Emergency Treatment of Seizures
Single Seizure
Frequent Seizures
Chapter 20. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Aetiological Factors
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Overall Management
Eeg Investigation
Drug Treatment
Surgery For Epilepsy
Prognosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21. Surgery For Epilepsy
Indications
Resective Surgery
Functional Neurosurgery
Involuntary Movements
Chapter 22. Parkinson's Disease
Is There A Premorbid Parkinsonian Personality?
The Prodromal Phase
The Classic Presentation
Unusual Presentations
References
Chapter 23. Tics and Spasms
Definitions
History
Tics
Spasms
Differential Diagnosis of Tics and Spasms
References
Chapter 24. Tremor
Characteristics and Classification of Tremor
Some Factors Influencing Tremor
Measurement of Tremor
Normal (Physiological) Tremor
Pathological Tremor
Mechanisms of Tremor
References
Chapter 25. Surgery For Involuntary Movements
Tremor
Hemifacial Spasm
References
Nerve and Muscle
Chapter 26. Muscle Diseases
Introduction
Muscular Dystrophy
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (Cpeo)
Myotonic Disorders
The Periodic Paralyses
Endocrine Myopathies
Chronic Renal Failure
Malignant Hyperpyrexia
Myopathies Due to Identified Biochemical Defects
References
Chapter 27. Drug-Induced Disorders of Muscle
General Mechanisms
Clinical Presentations
Clofibrate
Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid
Corticosteroids
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
Myotonia
Malignant Hyperpyrexia
Myasthenie Syndromes
Conclusion
References
Chapter 28. Painful Disorders of Muscle
Pain Mechanisms
Painful Myopathies
Acute Inflammatory Myopathies
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Acute Alcoholic Myopathy
Painful Drug-Induced Myopathies
Myopathies of Metabolic Bone Disease
Myopathies Due to Defects in Muscle Energy Metabolism
Idiopathic Paroxysmal Myoglobinurias
Muscle Pain Syndromes of Unknown Aetiology
References
Chapter 29. Peripheral Neuropathy
Does The Patient Have A Peripheral Neuropathy
The Clinical Significance of Neurophysiological Abnormality
The Pathological Significance of Neurophysiological Abnormality
Aspects of Some Common Neuropathies
Acute Single Episodes of Headache
Difficulty in Diagnosis
References
Chapter 30. Acute Inflammatory Poly Neuropathy
Pathology
Clinical Features
Clinical Immunology
Management
References
Chapter 31. Entrapment Neuropathy
Compression Neuropathy
Entrapment Neuropathy
Clinical Features
References
Chapter 32. The Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Clinical Features
Associated Conditions
Electrophysiological Abnormalities
Treatment
Pathology
References
Chapter 33. Neuromuscular Syndromes Associated with Malignant Disease
Malignant Cachexia
Primary Disorders of Muscle
Muscular Weakness of Neuropathic Origin
Muscular Weakness Due to Endocrine Disorders
Conclusion
References
Multiple Sclerosis
Chapter 34. Acute Optic Neuritis
Definition
Pathology
Symptoms
Signs
Special Investigations
Diagnosis
Course and Prognosis
Management
References
Chapter 35. Immunological Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis
Histological Evidence of An Immunological Reaction
Histocompatibility Types and MS
CSF
Evidence For Autoimmunity in MS
General Immune Responsiveness in MS
Immune Responses to Specific Infective Agents in MS
Linoleic Acid and The Immune Response in MS
Immunological Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 36. New Treatments For Multiple Sclerosis
Immunosuppression
Fatty Acids
Other Dietary Measures
Hyperbaric Oxygen
Immunopotentiation
Myelin Basic Protein Desensitization
Plasmapheresis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 37. Spinal Cord Stimulation
Modern Developments
Experimental Studies
Spinal Cord Stimulation For Pain
The Stimulator
SCS in Neurological Disease
SCS in Peripheral Vascular Disease
Neurophysiological Assessment
How Does SCS Work?
Complications
Conclusions
References
Infections
Chapter 38. Meningitis
Microbial Diagnosis
Antimicrobial Drug Treatment
Other Aspects of Management
Aseptic Meningitis
References
Chapter 39. Tuberculous Meningitis
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Tuberculous Spinal Arachnoiditis
Tuberculoma
Tuberculous Serous Meningitis
Tuberculous Encephalopathy
Other Investigations
Diagnosis
Treatment
References
Chapter 40. Intracerebral Abscess
Who Gets Them?
Making The Diagnosis
Outcome and Complications
Conclusion
References
Chapter 41. Opportunistic Infections
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Conclusion
References
Chapter 42. Encephalitis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 43. Tetanus
Pathogenesis
Prophylaxis
Diagnosis
Grading of Severity
Time Course
Specific Treatment
Symptomatic Treatment
References
Chapter 44. Neurosyphilis
Asymptomatic Neurosyphilis
Meningovascular Neurosyphilis
Parenchymatous Neurosyphilis
Congenital Neurosyphilis
Treatment
References
Cerebrovascular Disease
Chapter 45. The Young Stroke
Inherited Causes
Congenital Vascular Anomalies
Moyamoya Syndrome
Trauma
Infections
Cardiac Disease
Haematological Disorders
Inflammatory Arterial Diseases
Pregnancy
Oral Contraceptives
Metabolic Disorders
Migraine
Neoplasia
Cortical Venous Thrombosis
Atheroma and Hypertension
Management
References
Chapter 46. Giant Cell Arteritis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Summary
References
Chapter 47. Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Metabolic Demand
Age and Dementia
Blood Pressure and Hypertension
Ischaemia
Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Raised Intracranial Pressure
Haematocrit, Viscosity, and Oxygen Carriage
Conclusion
References
Chapter 48. Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Aneurysms
Arteriovenous Malformations
Treatment
References
Chapter 49. Prevention of Stroke
Stroke
Transient Ischaemic Attacks
Summary
References
Chapter 50. Surgery For Ischaemic Stroke
Carotid Endarterectomy
References
Trauma
Chapter 51. Head Injuries
Definitions
Epidemiology
Pathology
Complications of Head Injury
Less Seriously Injured Patients
Prognosis
References
Chapter 52. Subdural Haematoma
Pathology
Relationship of Pathology to Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bilateral Subdural Haematoma
References
Chapter 53. Nerve Repair
Surgical Anatomy and Microanatomy
Evolution of Present-Day Methods of Nerve Repair
Interfascicular Nerve Grafting
The Future
References
Intracranial Pressure
Chapter 54. Intracranial Pressure Monitoring
What Is Normal ICP
What Is Elevated ICP
What Are The Clinical Correlates of Raised ICP
What Is The Incidence of Raised ICP
What Harm Does Raised ICP Do
How Do You Monitor ICP and Display and Process The Information?
What Are The Risks of IP Monitoring?
What Are The Indications For ICP Monitoring and How May It Help The Patient?
What Should Be Done If ICP Increases
References
Chapter 55. The Detection of Intracranial Tumors
Plain Skull X-Rays
Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography
Isotope Studies
Angiography
Contrast Media in the CSF
Conclusion
References
Chapter 56. Brain Tumors
Pathological Classification
Incidence and Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Natural History of Common Brain Tumors
Special Investigations
Summary
References
Chapter 57. The Management of Cerebral Oedema
The Pathological Nature of Cerebral Oedema
Causes of Cerebral Oedema
Progress and Resolution of Cerebral Oedema
Effects of Cerebral Oedema
Treatment of Cerebral Oedema
Conclusion
References
Chapter 58. Adult Communicating Hydrocephalus
Basic Concepts
Pathology of Idiopathic NPH
Presenting Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Tests
References
Vertebral Column
Chapter 59. Spinal Cord Compression
Important Factors in Diagnosis
Investigation
Diagnosis
Summary
Chapter 60. Lumbar Canal Stenosis
The Anatomy and Pathology of Lumbar Canal Stenosis
Clinical Aspects
Treatment
References
Chapter 61. Spina Bifida
Classification and Pathology
Incidence and Aetiology
Assessment and Management of Spina Bifida Occulta
Assessment and Management of Spina Bifida Aperta
References
Chapter 62. Congenital Abnormalities of the CNS
Distribution
Antenatal Diagnosis
Problems of Classification
Anencephalus
Hydrocephalus
Meningocele
Meningomyelocele and Myelocele
Spinal Dysraphism
Encephalocele
Porencephaly
Megalencephaly
Other Conditions
Conclusion
References
Procedures
Chapter 63. How to Do A Lumbar Puncture
Preparation
Procedure
Hazards
Chapter 64. How to Do A Cisternal Puncture
Method
References
Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 656
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Butterworth-Heinemann 1984
- Published: March 21, 1984
- Imprint: Butterworth-Heinemann
- eBook ISBN: 9781483182612