Computer Programming

Computer Programming: Made Simple, New Edition focuses on the processes, principles, methodologies, techniques, and approaches involved in computer programming.

The publication first takes a look at the introduction to computer structure, backing store, input, and output devices, and logic and flowcharting. Discussions focus on flowcharting, file organization, sequencing, and security, magnetic disc devices, optical character recognition, keyboard, encoders, optical mark reading, input and output unit, and backing store. The manuscript then ponders on operating systems, data and numbers, introduction to COBOL, and word types and constants.

The text examines arithmetic statements, MULTIPLY and DIVIDE statements, program control, data classes in COBOL, editing, and data transfer. Topics include READ and WRITE statements, types of editing, PICTURE clause, file labeling, BLOCK CONTAINS clause, PERFORM and STOP statements, and MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, and COMPUTE statements. The book also tackles microprocessors, arrays, and subscripts, loops and subroutines, and program control.

The publication is a dependable source of data for computer programmers and researchers interested in computer programming.

Prefaces

Acknowledgement

Part 1: Introduction to Computer Systems

1 Introduction

2 Computer Structure

Input Unit

Backing Store

Memory Unit

Output Unit

Program

Exercises

3 Input Devices

Punched Cards

Punched Paper Tape

Keyboard

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

Optical Character Recognition

Optical Mark Reading

Encoders

Exercises

4 Output Devices

Printing

Line Printers

Exercises

5 Backing Store Devices

Backing Store Devices

Magnetic Tape Devices

Magnetic Disc Devices

Hard Discs

Floppy Discs

File Organization

File Sequencing

File Security

Exercises

6 Logic and Flowcharting

Flowcharting

Flowcharting Symbols

Exercises

7 Program Specification Analysis

Program Specifications

Introduction

Input

Output

Throughput

Exercises

8 Operating Systems

The Supervisor

Program Scheduling

Operator Communication

JCL Interpretation

Compilers

Compiler Functions

Operating Systems

Library Maintenance

Sorting

Utilities

Error Recovery

Software

Exercises

9 Data and Numbers

Data Sets and Numbers

Structures

Arrays

Number Systems

The Decimal System

The Binary System

The Octal System

The Hexadecimal System

Number Notations

Exercises

Part 2: COBOL Programming Language

10 Introduction to COBOL

Language Structure

The COBOL Character Set

Punctuation

Program Divisions

Exercises

11 Word Types and Constants

Reserved Words

Keywords

Optional Words

Connectives

Names

Data Names

Condition Names

Procedure Names

Constants

Literal Constants

Figurative Constants

General Format Notation

Exercises

12 The COBOL Coding Form

Sequence Numbers

Continuation of Lines

Area A and B

Blank Lines

Exercises

13 Arithmetic Statements

ROUNDED Option

GIVING Option

SIZE ERROR Option

The ADD Statement

The SUBTRACT Statement

Exercises

14 Multiply and Divide

The MULTIPLY Statement

The DIVIDE Statement

The COMPUTE Statement

Arithmetic Expressions

Exercises

15 Program Flow

Procedure Name

The GO TO Statement

The ALTER Statement

Exercises

16 Program Control

The PERFORM Statement

Embedded PERFORM Statement

The EXIT Statement

The STOP Statement

Exercises

17 The Data Di vision

Data Division—Organization

Organization of External Data

Description of External Data

The DATA DIVISION

Data Division Entries

Level Numbers

Special Level Numbers

Exercises

18 File Descriptions—1

BLOCK CONTAINS Clause

RECORD CONTAINS Clause

Recording Mode

Fixed-Length Recording Mode

Variable-Length Recording Mode

Undefined-Length Recording Mode

Spanned-Length Recording Mode

RECORDING MODE Clause

F Mode

V Mode

Other Modes

Exercises

19 File Descriptions—2

File Labelling

Generation Numbers

LABEL RECORDS Clause

VALUE OF Clause

DATA RECORDS Clause

Data-Record Descriptions

The FD in Use

Exercises

20 Data Classes in COBOL

Alphabetic Class

Numeric Class

Alphanumeric Class

Data Description

General Rules

Data-Name Clause

Exercises

21 Data Description—1

PICTURE Clause

Symbols Used in the PICTURE Clause

Other Combinations of PICTURE Characters

Symbol Repetition

The PICTURE Clause in Use

The USAGE Clause

Exercises

22 Data Description—2

Further Data-Description Entry Clauses

The OCCURS Clause

Subscripting

Redefinition

The REDEFINES Clause

Exercises

23 Data Values

Data-Item Content

The VALUE IS Clause

BLANK WHEN ZERO Clause

Exercises

24 Editing

Types of Editing

Editing in Use

Exercises

25 The Data Division in Use

File Section Entries

Working-Storage Section Entries

Notes on Data Division Entries

Exercises

26 The Procedure Division

Organization

Statement Types

Conditional Statements

Imperative Statements

Compiler-Directing Statements

Exercises

27 Conditions

Class Condition

Sign Condition

Relation Condition

Condition Names

Compound Conditions

Exercises

28 The IF Statement

Nested IF Statements

Exercises

29 Data Manipulation—1

The MOVE Statement

Alphanumeric to Alphanumeric

Numeric to Numeric

Numeric to Alphanumeric

Alphanumeric to Numeric

Exercises

30 Data Manipulation—2

The EXAMINE Statement

UNTIL FIRST Option

ALL Option

LEADING Option

TALLY

REPLACING Option

The TRANSFORM Statement

Exercises

31 Preparing Data Files

The OPEN Statement

The CLOSE Statement

Exercises

32 Data Transfer

The READ Statement

INTO Option

The WRITE Statement

Print Files

Printing by Channel

Exercises

33 Communication with the Computer Operator

The DISPLAY Statement

The ACCEPT Statement

Exercises

34 File Processing

File Matching

Exercises

35 Processing Print Files

Printing on Plain Stationery

Printing on Pre-Printed Stationery

Stationery Line-up

36 Qualification

CORRESPONDING Option

Exercises

37 Table Handling

PERFORM VARYING Option

Exercises

38 Table Searching

Keys in Serial Order

Table Optimization

Exercises

39 Subroutines

Parameters

The ENTRY Statement

The CALL Statement

Exercises

40 Program Termination

Program Controls

Exercises

41 Documentation Aids

The COPY Statement

Mixed Programming Languages

Exercises

42 The Sort Feature

Sorting

Using the SORT Statement

Exercises

43 Program Testing Facilities

The TRACE Statement

The EXHIBIT Statement

The DEBUG Statement

Exercises

44 Eject and Skip

The EJECT Statement

The SKIP Statement

Exercises

45 The Identification Division

Required Entries

Optional Entries

Exercise

46 The Environment Division—1

The Environment Division

The Configuration Section

Special Names

Exercise

47 The Environment Division—2

Input-Output Section

The FILE-CONTROL Paragraph

The I-O-CONTROL Paragraph

Exercises

Revision Questions Sets 1-4

Part 3: FORTRAN Programming Language

48 Introduction

Time-Sharing Computer Systems

FORTRAN Coding

49 Constants and Variables

Constants

Integer Constant

Real Constant

Double-Precision Constant

Complex Constant

Alpha or Literal Constant

File-Name Constant

Logical Constant

Variables

Initial Value (Time-Sharing)

Initial Value (Non- Time-Sharing)

Exercises

50 The Assignment Statement

Arithmetic Expressions

The Assignment Statement in Use

Exercises

51 Program Control Statements

The GO TO Statement

The Computed GO TO Statement

The Assigned GO TO Statement

Exercises

52 Program Decisions and Loops

Additional Program-Control Statements

Relational Expressions

The DO Statement

Exercises

53 Arrays

Variable Subscripting

The DATA Statement

Exercises

54 Input and Output Statements

The INPUT Statement

The PRINT Statement

Formatting

Exercises

55 Backing Store Handling

File Layout

Outputting Data

Inputting Data

Arrays and Files

Exercises

56 Subroutines

Passing Parameters

Arrays in Subroutines

Exercises

57 Functions

Built-In Functions

Functions in Use

User-Defined Functions

Exercises

Revision Questions. Set 5

Part 4: BASIC Programming Language

58 Introduction

Instruction Format

BASIC Statements

59 Constants and Variables

Data

Numbers

Texts

Variables

Numeric Variables

String Variables

Exercises

60 The LET Statement

Expressions

Order of Evaluation

Strings

Functions

Exercises

61 Further Functions

More Intrinsic Functions

Exercises

62 Inputting Data

DATA and READ Statements

The INPUT Statement

Exercises

63 The PRINT Statement

The TAB Feature

PRINT USING

Blank Lines

Exercises

64 Program Control

The GO TO Statement

The IF THEN Statement

Extensions to the IF THEN Statement

The ON ... GO TO Statement

Exercises

65 Loops and Subroutines

The FOR and NEXT Statements

The GOSUB Statement

Exercises

66 Arrays and Subscripts

Arrays

Subscripts

Exercises

Revision Questions. Set 6

Part 5: The Microprocessor Explained

67 The Home Computer

Random Access Memory—RAM

Read Only Memory—ROM

Programmable Read Only Memory—PROM

Erasable PROM—EPROM

68 The Home Computer I/O System

Input

Output

Backing Storage

Other Input I Output

69 The Bus System

Revision Questions. Set 7

Appendix One: Glossary of Terms Used

Appendix Two: COBOL—List of Reserved Words

Appendix Three: Answers to Exercises

Exercises: Part One

Exercises: Part Two

Revision Questions: Sets 1-4

Exercises: Part Three

Revision Questions: Set 5

Exercises: Part Four

Revision Questions: Set 6

Revision Questions: Set 7

Index