Comparative Neuropathology

ContentsAuthors and Contributors Preface Acknowledgments Chapter I. Neuropathology Part A. Introduction References for Part A Part B. Introduction. The Reaction of Neural Tissue to Disease-Producing Agents References for Part B Chapter II. Neuroanatomy References Chapter III. The Cerebrospinal Fluid I. Introduction II. Generalities III. Horse A. Puncture Technique B. Normal CSF C. Pathology of the CSF IV. Cattle A. Puncture Technique B. Normal CSF C. Pathology of the CSF V. Sheep A. Puncture Technique B. Normal CSF C. Pathology of the CSF VI. Goat VII. Pig A. Puncture Technique B. Pathology of the CSF VIII. Dog A. Puncture Technique B. Normal CSF C. Pathology of CSF IX. Cat X. Rabbit References Chapter IV. Neurologic Diseases of Apes and Monkeys I. Introduction A. Classification of Encephalomyelites in Apes and Monkeys B. Kinds and Names of Apes and Monkeys II. Neuroanatomy III. Cerebrospinal Fluid in Apes and Monkeys IV. Confluent Leucoencephalosis and Perivascular Myelosis A. Historical Background B. Clinical Signs C. Pathology D. Pathogenesis and Etiology V. Isolated Papillomacular Degeneration VI. Experimental Demyelinating Diseases A. Experimental Cyanide Poisoning B. Experimental Lesions Produced by Anoxia (Decompression Chamber) and by Carbon Monoxide C. Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis D. Experimental Demyelination Induced by Fast-Neutron Irradiation VII. Meningitis A. Nonsuppurative Meningitis with Subacute and Chronic Neurologic Manifestations B. Suppurative Meningitis VIII. Epilepsies IX. Acute Amaurotic Epilepsy X. Acute Amaurosis without Epilepsy XI. Encephalopathies and Dysenteric Syndromes XII. Acute Polioencephalitis Predominantly in Brain Stem of Baboons XIII. Choreic Syndrome in Baboons with Corticostriate Encephalitis XIV. Tuberculosis XV. Viral Encephalomyelites A. B Virus Infection B. Encephalomyocarditis C. Experimental Poliomyelitis (Compared with Neurotropic Dengue, Newcastle, Western Viral, and Yellow Fever Vaccine Encephalitides) D. Experimental West Nile Encephalitis E. Experimental Japanese B Encephalitis F. Experimental St. Louis Encephalitis XVI. Experimental Work on Transmission of Inclusion Body Encephalitis (Dawson) or Subacute Sclerosing Leucoencephalitis (van Bogaert) XVII. Clinically Silent Neural Lesions in Monkeys XVIII. Experimental Polyradiculitis in Monkeys XIX. Cerebellar Atrophy and Experimental Manganese Poisoning XX. Miscellaneous Conditions A. Tumors B. Calcification, Siderosis, and Lipid Deposits in the Brain C. Melanin Pigmentation D. Arteriosclerosis XX. Miscellaneous Conditions continued E. Ascending Paralysis and Chronic Colitis in Chimpanzees (Pellagra-Like Disease) F. Parasitic Infections G. Stereotaxic Displacement of Portions of Choroid Plexus H. Lead Poisoning I. Tetanus J. Fractures of the Skull K. Malformations of the Nervous System References XXI. Clinical Observations of the Nervous System of Apes and Monkeys References Chapter V. Diseases of Skeletal Muscle I. Introduction A. General B. Normal Muscle II. General Reactions of Muscle to Injury A. Degeneration B. Atrophy C. Hypertrophy D. Regeneration E. Myoglobinuria III. Congenital Defects A. Hyperplasia (Doppellender) in Calves and Lambs B. Contractures and Arthrogryposis in Lambs, Calves, and Pigs C. Dysplasia Associated with Hydrocephalus in Calves IV. Muscular Dystrophies A. Introduction B. True Muscular Dystrophy in Animals C. Muscular Steatosis, Lipomatous Muscular Dystrophy, or Atrophia Lipomatosa in Cattle and Swine V. Degenerative Polymyopathies (Myodegeneration) A. Introduction B. Myodegeneration of Nutritional Origin C. Myodegeneration of Uncertain Cause VI. Inflammatory Diseases—Myositis A. Bacterial Infections B. Viral Infections C. Parasitic Infections D. Inflammatory Reactions of Unknown Cause VII. Changes in Muscle Associated with Specific Diseases A. Bluetongue of Sheep B. Leptospirosis C. Equine Purpura Hemorrhagica D. Viral Encephalomyelitis (Teschen Disease) of Swine E. Other Diseases VIII. Tumors A. Primary Tumors B. Secondary Tumors IX. Miscellaneous Disorders A. Congenital Myotonia (Thomsen's Disease) B. Human Disorders without Counterparts in Animals References Chapter VI. The Hypophysis I. Morphology and Function A. Embryology and Histology B. The Hypophysis in Pregnancy C. The Physiologic Significance of Cell Types II. Developmental Disorders III. Retrogressive Changes A. Aging Phenomena B. Miscellaneous Retrogressive Changes C. Stress D. Nutritive Deficiencies IV. Regeneration V. The Hypophysis and Disease of the Target Organs A. Castration B. Hypothyroidism C. Cystic Ovarian Degeneration of Cattle VI. Neoplastic Diseases A. Tumors of the Anterior Pituitary B. Tumors of the Pars Intermedia C. Miscellaneous Tumors D. Secondary Tumors VII. Diabetes Insipidus and Hypothalamic Syndromes ReferencesChapter VII. Inherited Diseases and Congenital Anomalies I. Classification II. General Introduction III. Congenital Anomalies and Malformations A. Introduction, Generalities, and Listing of Varieties B. Hydrocephalus C. Spina Bifida D. Arnold-Chiari Malformation E. Agenesis of the Corpus callosum F. Achondroplasia (Chondrodystrophia fetalis) with Hydrocephalus in (Bulldog) Calves and in Rabbits G. Arthrogryposis, Anencephaly, and Hydranencephaly in Calves and Lambs IV. Hereditary Diseases in Which the Pathology Has Been Wholly, or Partly, Defined A. The Cerebellum, Cerebellar Ataxias and Diseases B. Congenital Ataxia in Jersey Calves(and Angus-Shorthorns)—a Leucodysplasia of Cerebellum, Midbrain, and Medulla C. Congenital Posterior Paralysis of Red Danish Calves—a Pallidal and Reticular Degeneration D. Primary Lipidoses with Cerebral Involvement E. Spinal Muscular Atrophy of Dogs F. Posterior Paralysis of Swine G. Congenital Deafness of White Animals H. Optic Nerve Hypoplasia in Collie Dogs (and Other Animals) I. "Pseudo-Amyloid" Multiradicular Degeneration of Spinal Nerve Roots of a Purebred Shetland Pony J. Hypomyelinogenesis Congenita of Sheep K. Lethal or Semilethal Factor in Gray Karakul Lambs V. Hereditary Diseases in Which Lesions Have Not Been Demonstrated A. Genetics Completely Worked Out, or Sufficiently so to Indicate an Inherited Origin B. Genetics Incompletely Denned, and Only Suggestive VI. Laboratory Animals References Chapter VIII. Viral and Rickettsial Encephalomyelitides I. General References II. Viral Encephalomyelites of Small Laboratory Animals A. Guinea Pigs B. Coypu (Nutria) C. Mice References III. Ovine and Caprine Encephalitides A. Louping-Ill in Sheep B. Scrapie in Sheep and Goats C. Visna (and Rida) of Sheep in Iceland References IV. Feline Encephalitides A. Myelitis B. Experimental Newcastle Disease C. Encephalopathy of Cats in Sardinia References V. Canine Encephalitides A. Neorickettsia helmintheca Infection (Socalled Salmon Poisoning) B. Infectious Canine Hepatitis and Fox Encephalitis C. Canine Distemper D. Rabies E. Subacute Diffuse Sclerosing Encephalitis in the Dog References VI. Encephalomyelites in Bovidae A. General B. Sporadic Bovine Encephalomyelitis C. Rinderpest D. Bovine Malignant Catarrh References VII. Encephalitides in Equidae A. General B. Borna Disease C. Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan Viral Encephalomyelitis D. Russian Equine Encephalomyelitis E. Japanese Encephalitis in Horses F. Infectious Equine Anemia References VIII. Porcine Encephalitides A. General B. Hog Cholera (Swine Fever) C. African Swine Fever (East African Swine Fever, Wart Hog Disease) D. Porcine Encephalomyelitis E. Porcine Enterovirus F. Japanese Encephalitis G. Pseudorabies References Chapter IX. Protozoan Infections I. Introduction II. Trypanosomiases of Man and Animals A. General and Historical B. Man C. Domestic Animals D. Experimental Trypanosomiases III. Babesiosis (Red Water, Piroplasmosis, or Tick Fever) IV. East Coast Fever (Theileriasis) and Turning Sickness in Africa V. Encephalitozoonosis VI. Toxoplasmosis References Chapter X. Bacterial Infections I. General II. Tuberculosis A. Cattle B. Dogs C. Cats D. Horse E. Swine III. Listeriosis IV. Anthrax V. Miscellaneous Infections A. Staphylococcal Granuloma B. Necrobacillosis C. Glanders Chapter X. Bacterial Infections continued VI. Hemophilus Infections A. Swine B. Sheep C. Cattle D. Man References Chapter XI. Mycotic Infections I. Introduction II. Cryptococcosis III. Nocardiosis IV. Actinomycosis V. Coccidioidomycosis VI. Aspergillosis VII. Mucormycosis VIII. Ustilagomycosis References Chapter XII. Insect Larval Infections I. Oestrus (Cephalomyia) ovis (Sheep Nasal Fly) II. Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum (Cattle Grub or Warble Fly) III. Cuterebra (Diptera) Larvae in Cats References Chapter XIII. Helminthic Infections I. Cestodes A. Coenurosis in Sheep, Cattle, and Other Hosts B. Cysticercosis C. Echinococcosis II. Nematodes A. Cerebrospinal Nematodosis III. Trematodes A. Schistosomiasis B. Paragonimiasis C. Troglotremiasis References Chapter XIV. Demyelinating or Myelinoclastic Diseases I. General Introduction II. Congenital Demyelination (Swayback) in Lambs A. Historical Background B. Field History C. Gross Changes D. Microscopic Changes E. Pathogenesis and Cause III. Other Neurologic Conditions in Sheep and Lambs IV. Acute Epizootic Leucoencephalitis in Horses(United States and China) V. Equine Spinal Ataxia (Wobblers) VI. Wild Animals VII. Spontaneous Disseminated Encephalomyelitis in Mice VIII. Demyelinating Disease of Adult Rats IX. Inherited Leucoencephalosis in Mice References Chapter XV. Encephalomalacia and Myelomalacia I. Introduction II. Focal Symmetrical Spinal Poliomalacia of Sheep in Kenya A. Historical and Field Aspects B. Clinical Signs C. Pathology D. Pathogenesis and Cause III. Nigropallidal Malacia in Horses in California Associated with Ingestion of Yellow Star Thistle A. Historical and Field Aspects B. Clinical Signs C. Pathology D. Pathogenesis and Cause IV. Focal Symmetrical Encephalomalacia of Lambs in New Zealand A. Historical and Field Aspects B. Clinical Signs C. Pathology D. Pathogenesis and Cause V. Polioencephalomalacia of Cattle and Sheep in Colorado A. Historical and Field Aspects B. Clinical Signs C. Pathology D. Pathogenesis and Cause VI. Encephalomalacia in Pigs in New Zealand and Canada References Chapter XVI. Encephalitis: Post-Infective, Postvaccinal, and Experimental Allergic I. Post-Infective Encephalitis II. Post-Vaccinal Encephalitis (after Smallpox or Rabies Vaccination) III. Experimental Allergic (or "Isoallergic") Encephalitis References Chapter XVII. Transplacental Viral Complications I. Disorders Associated with Hog Cholera II. Disorders Associated with Japanese Encephalitis III. Disorders Associated with Bluetongue Vaccination IV. Disorders Associated with Viral Disease of Cats References Chapter XVIII. Meningitis I. Introduction II. Leptomeningitis A. General B. Mixed and Indeterminate Infections C. Coliform Infections D. Pseudomonas Infection E. Pasteurellosis F. Brucellosis G. Diphtheroid Infections H. Pneumococcosis I. Streptococcosis J. Salmonellosis III. Pachymeningitis ReferencesChapter XIX. Pigmentations and Depositions I. General II. Pigments III. Minerals IV. Organic Deposits References Chapter XX. Deficiency Diseases I. Introduction II. Vitamin A Deficiency A. General B. In Rats C. In Dogs D. In Cattle E. In Swine F. In Rabbits G. Retinopathy III. Thiamin Deficiency A. In Foxes and Mink B. In Cats C. In Calves and Lambs D. In Horses E. Chronic Deficiency IV. Nutritional Ataxia and Paralysis in Pigs V. Pantothenic Acid Deficiency VI. Pyridoxine Deficiency VII. Vitamin B12 Deficiency VIII. Vitamin E Deficiency IX. Concluding Remarks References Chapter XXI. Intoxications I. General II. Bacterial Toxins A. General B. Tetanus C. Botulism D. Clostridium perfringens and Other "Gas Gangrene" Infections III. Plant and Chemical Poisons A. General B. Plant Poisoning C. Chemical Poisoning D. Ototoxicity E. Retinal Toxicity ReferencesChapter XXII. Neoplastic Diseases I. General Introduction II. Types of Tumors A. General Remarks B. Meningioma C. Astrocytic Gliomas D. Oligodendroglioma E. Medulloblastoma and Neuroepithelioma F. Neuroblastoma and Ganglioneuroma G. Ependymoma (Ependymoblastoma) H. Tumors of the Choroid Plexus (Papilloma and Papillary Carcinoma) I. Pinealoma J. Retinoblastoma K. Cholesteatoma L. Chordoma M. Neurilemmoma (Schwann-Cell Tumor) N. Debatable Tumors O. Metastatic Tumors P. Teratomas Q. Tumors in Laboratory Animals III. Clinical Neurologic Signs in Animals References Chapter XXIII. The Spinal Cord I. Introduction II. Neuroanatomy, Neurohistology, and Development III. Arterial and Venous Systems IV. Clinical Signs and Experimental Neurophysiology V. Neuropathology A. Secondary (Wallerian) Degeneration B. Primary, Concomitant, and Pyemic Infections C. Trauma by Violence: Hemorrhagic Myelomalacia in a Dog D. Compression and Nonviolent Trauma of the Cord: Subdural Hemorrhage, Prolapsed Discs and Compression in Dogs E. Adhesive Arachnoiditis and Myelomalacia; Sequelae of Intraspinal Injection of Various Substances—Spinal Anesthetics and Contrast Agents; Myelomalacia in a Goat Chapter XXIII. The Spinal Cord continued V. Neuropathology continued F. Decompression Sickness (Caisson Disease) and Myelomalacia in Man and Experimental Dogs G. Ischemia, Hypoxia, and Anoxia in the Production of Myelomalacia H. Miscellaneous References Chapter XXIV. Spinal Ganglia, Nerve Roots, and Peripheral Nerves I. Laryngeal Hemiplegia (Roaring and Whistling) in the Horse II. Neuritis of the Cauda Equina in Horses III. Peripheral Neuritis Causing Sterility in Bulls (Sweden) IV. Chronic Neuritis in Cattle V. Degeneration of Ventral Spinal Nerve Roots in Dogs (New Zealand) References Chapter XXV. Miscellaneous Neurologic Disorders I. Grass Disease (Sickness) of Horses in Europe II. Haffkrankheit (Germany and Sweden) and Minimata Disease (Japan) in Man, Cats, and Other Animals III. Paralytic Syndrome in Coonhounds IV. "Fainting" in Foals V. Stringhalt and Shivering of Horses VI. Murrurundi Disease and Narrabri Disease of Sheep (Australia) A. Murrurundi Disease B. Narrabri Disease VII. Enzootic Equine "Encephalomyelitis" in Slovakia VIII. Extrapyramidal Syndromes and Hepatocerebral Complexes IX. Aleutian Disease in Mink X. Neurologic Diseases in Wild* Animals under Natural Conditions and in Captivity References Appendix: Hermann Dexler Subject Index