Communication and Educational Technology in Nursing

1st Edition - July 15, 2012
Author: Suresh Sharma
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 2 8 2 1 - 0

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Contents

Foreword..............................................................................................................................................
ix

Preface ................................................................................................................................................
xi

CHAPTER 1 Review of the Communication Process
............................................................1

• Definitions of Communication ................................................................................................. 2

• Meaning of Communication ..................................................................................................... 2

• Process of Communication ....................................................................................................... 3

» Elements of the communication process ........................................................................... 3

• Types of Communication .......................................................................................................... 6

• Facilitators of Communication ............................................................................................... 12

• Barriers of Communication .................................................................................................... 14

• Methods to Overcome Barriers of Communication ................................................................ 17

• Techniques of Effective Communication ................................................................................ 19

• Techniques of Therapeutic Communication ........................................................................... 22

CHAPTER 2 Interpersonal Relationships
...............................................................................26

• Definitions of Interpersonal Relationship ............................................................................... 26

• Dynamics of Interpersonal Relationship ................................................................................ 27

• Purposes of Interpersonal Relationship .................................................................................. 28

• Types of Interpersonal Relationships ...................................................................................... 30

• Phases of Interpersonal Relationship ...................................................................................... 33

• Barriers of Interpersonal Relationships .................................................................................. 36

• Methods to Overcome Barriers of Interpersonal Relationships.............................................. 40

• Johari Window ........................................................................................................................ 41

CHAPTER 3 Human Relations
....................................................................................................47

• Definitions of Human Relations ............................................................................................. 47

• Human Relations in Nursing .................................................................................................. 48

• Understanding Self ................................................................................................................. 50

• Social Behaviour ..................................................................................................................... 52

• Social Attitude ........................................................................................................................ 55

• Motivation ............................................................................................................................... 57

• Individual and Groups ............................................................................................................ 60

• Group Dynamics ..................................................................................................................... 63

• Teamwork ............................................................................................................................... 65

CHAPTER 4 Guidance and Counselling
..................................................................................71

• Definitions of Guidance and Counselling ............................................................................... 72

» Definitions of guidance.................................................................................................... 72

» Definitions of counselling................................................................................................ 72

• Difference Between Guidance and Counselling ..................................................................... 73

• Purposes of Guidance and Counselling .................................................................................. 74

• Characteristics of Guidance and Counselling ......................................................................... 76

• Scope of Guidance and Counselling ....................................................................................... 78

• Need of Guidance and Counselling ........................................................................................ 79

» Basic principles of guidance .............................................................................................82

• Types/Areas of Guidance Services ......................................................................................... 84

• Organization of Counselling Services .................................................................................... 87

• Types of Counselling Approaches .......................................................................................... 96

• Role and Preparation of the Counsellor ................................................................................ 103

• Counselling Process .............................................................................................................. 107

• Tools and Techniques for the Counselling Process ............................................................... 110

• Issues of Counselling in Nursing .......................................................................................... 112

• Managing Disciplinary Problems ......................................................................................... 114

• Management of Crisis and Referral ...................................................................................... 116

• Crisis Interventions ............................................................................................................... 117

CHAPTER 5 Principles and Philosophies of Education
..................................................126

• Meaning of Education ........................................................................................................... 126

• Aims of Education ................................................................................................................ 128

» Aims of nursing education ............................................................................................. 131

» Factors affecting aims of education ............................................................................... 132

• Functions of Education ......................................................................................................... 133

• Philosophies of Education .................................................................................................... 136

• Philosophy, Education and Their Interdependence ............................................................... 137

• Classification of Educational Philosophies........................................................................... 138

» Traditional educational philosophies ............................................................................. 138

» Modern contemporary educational philosophies ........................................................... 156

CHAPTER 6 Teaching–Learning Process
.............................................................................170

• Meaning of Learning ............................................................................................................ 170

• Definitions of Learning ......................................................................................................... 171

• Concept of Learning ............................................................................................................. 172

• Nature of Learning ................................................................................................................ 172

• Characteristics of Learning ................................................................................................... 174

• Principles of Learning ........................................................................................................... 176

• Domains of Learning ............................................................................................................ 179

• Factors Influencing Learning ................................................................................................ 180

• Meaning of Teaching ............................................................................................................ 182

• Concepts of Teaching ............................................................................................................ 183

• Nature of Teaching ................................................................................................................ 184

• Characteristics of Good Teaching ......................................................................................... 185

• Principles of Teaching .......................................................................................................... 187

• Maxims of Teaching ............................................................................................................. 191

• Formulation of Educational Objectives ................................................................................ 194

• Lesson Planning .................................................................................................................... 204

• Classroom Management ....................................................................................................... 216

CHAPTER 7 Methods of Teaching
..........................................................................................225

• Definition of Method of Teaching ........................................................................................ 225

• Lecture Method ..................................................................................................................... 226

• Demonstration ....................................................................................................................... 229

• Group Discussion .................................................................................................................. 232

• Seminar ................................................................................................................................ 234

• Symposium ........................................................................................................................... 237

• Panel Discussion ................................................................................................................... 239

• Role-Play .............................................................................................................................. 242

• Project Method ...................................................................................................................... 247

• Field Trip .............................................................................................................................. 251

• Workshop .............................................................................................................................. 253

• Exhibition ............................................................................................................................. 255

• Programmed Instructions ...................................................................................................... 256

• Computer-Assisted Learning ................................................................................................ 263

• Application of Computers in Nursing ................................................................................... 265

• Micro-Teaching ..................................................................................................................... 267

• Problem-Based Learning ...................................................................................................... 272

• Problem Solving as a Method of Teaching ........................................................................... 276

• Self-Directed Learning ......................................................................................................... 279

• Simulation ............................................................................................................................. 282

• Clinical Teaching Methods ................................................................................................... 285

• Case Method/Case Study ...................................................................................................... 286

• Nursing Rounds .................................................................................................................... 288

• Nursing Bedside Clinics ....................................................................................................... 288

• Nursing Assignment.............................................................................................................. 289

• Morning and Afternoon Reports ........................................................................................... 289

• Nursing Care Conference ..................................................................................................... 290

• Individual Conference........................................................................................................... 290

• Health Team Conference ...................................................................................................... 291

• Process Recording ................................................................................................................ 291

CHAPTER 8 Educational Media
...............................................................................................294

• Audiovisual Aids .................................................................................................................. 294

» Definitions of audiovisual aids ...................................................................................... 294

» Concept of audiovisual aids ........................................................................................... 295

» Importance of audiovisual aids ...................................................................................... 296

» Purposes of audiovisual aids .......................................................................................... 297

» Characteristics of a good audiovisual aid ...................................................................... 298

» Sources of audiovisual aids ........................................................................................... 299

» Principles for using audiovisual aids ............................................................................. 301

» Types of audiovisual aids ............................................................................................... 302

• Graphical Teaching Aids ....................................................................................................... 303

• Chalkboard/Blackboard ........................................................................................................ 304

• Chart .................................................................................................................................... 309

• Graphs .................................................................................................................................. 312

• Posters .................................................................................................................................. 315

• Flash Cards ........................................................................................................................... 318

• Flannel Board ........................................................................................................................ 320

• Bulletin Board ....................................................................................................................... 322

• Cartoons ............................................................................................................................... 325

• Three-Dimensional Audiovisual Aids ................................................................................... 327

• Objects and Specimens ......................................................................................................... 327

• Models ................................................................................................................................. 328

• Puppets ................................................................................................................................. 331

• Exhibitions ............................................................................................................................ 332

• Museums ............................................................................................................................... 333

• Dioramas ............................................................................................................................... 333

• Printed Educational Aids ...................................................................................................... 334

• Pamphlets .............................................................................................................................. 334

• Leaflets ................................................................................................................................ 336

• Projected Audiovisual Aids ................................................................................................... 338

• Slide Projector ...................................................................................................................... 338

• Overhead Projector ............................................................................................................... 339

• Opaque Projector .................................................................................................................. 342

• Filmstrips .............................................................................................................................. 343

• Television .............................................................................................................................. 344

• Video Cassette Recorder (VCR)/VCD Player ...................................................................... 346

• Camera ................................................................................................................................. 347

• Microscope ........................................................................................................................... 348

• LCD Projector ....................................................................................................................... 349

• Audio Educational Aids ........................................................................................................ 353

• Tape Recorder ....................................................................................................................... 353

• Public Address Systems ........................................................................................................ 354

• Computer .............................................................................................................................. 355

• Guidelines for Effective Use of Audiovisual Aids ................................................................ 357

CHAPTER 9 Assessment
............................................................................................................367

• Concepts of Measurement, Assessment and Evaluation ....................................................... 367

• Meaning of Assessment/Evaluation ...................................................................................... 368

• Types of Assessment/Evaluation........................................................................................... 369

• Purposes of Assessment/Evaluation...................................................................................... 369

• Scope of Assessment/Evaluation .......................................................................................... 371

• Criteria for Selection of Assessment Techniques/Methods .................................................. 372

• Classification of Assessment Tools and Techniques ............................................................. 376

• Essay Type Questions ........................................................................................................... 377

• Short Answer Questions ....................................................................................................... 381

• Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................................................... 384

• Observation Checklist ........................................................................................................... 388

• Rating Scale .......................................................................................................................... 390

• Practical Examination ........................................................................................................... 393

• Viva Voce .............................................................................................................................. 395

• Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) ............................................................ 397

• Attitude Scales ...................................................................................................................... 403

• Likert Scale ........................................................................................................................... 404

• Semantic Differential Scale .................................................................................................. 407

CHAPTER 10 Information, Education and Communication for Health
..........................411

• Health Behaviour .................................................................................................................. 411

• Health Education .................................................................................................................. 415

• Planning for Health Education .............................................................................................. 422

• Health Education with Individual, Group and Communities ............................................... 424

• Communicating Health Messages ........................................................................................ 430

» Factors contributing to the successful communication of health messages .................. 430

» Methods and media for communicating the health message ......................................... 432

• Using Mass Media ................................................................................................................ 436

Appendix A: Lesson plan on course equivalency, transcript and credit system ................................
447

Appendix B: Multiple choice questions .............................................................................................
451

Index .................................................................................................................................................
463