Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases

ContentsPreface to Second Edition Preface to First Edition List of Principal SymbolsPart I. Chemistry and Kinetics of the Reactions Between Gaseous Fuels and Oxidants Chapter I. Theoretical Foundations 1. Elementary and Complex Reactions in Gases 2. Some Fundamentals of Reaction Kinetics 3. The Steady-State Reaction Rate. Branched-Chain and Thermal Explosion Limits 4. Chain Initiation and Chain Breaking at the Wall 5. Chain Initiation in the Volume and Chain Breaking at the Wall Chapter II. The Reaction Between Hydrogen and Oxygen 1. The Thermal Reaction 2. Sensitization and Inhibition of the Thermal Reaction by Additives Chapter III. The Reaction Between Carbon Monoxide and Oxygen 1. The Explosion Peninsula 2. The Water-Catalyzed Reaction 3. The Combined Hydrogen-Carbon Monoxide-Oxygen Reaction 4. Sensitization and Inhibition by Additives Chapter IV. The Reaction Between Hydrocarbons and Oxygen 1. Methane and Formaldehyde 2. Ethane, Acetaldehyde, Ethylene, and Acetylene 3. Propane and Propylene 4. Cool Flames and Two-Stage Ignition 5. Discussion of Mechanism of Hydrocarbon Oxidation 6. Engine Knock Part II Flame Propagation Chapter V. Combustion Waves in Laminar Flow 1. Introduction 2. The Adiabatic Plane Combustion Wave 3. General Description of Heat Sink and Flow Effects 4. Principle of Stabilization of Combustion Waves in Laminar Streams 5. Quenching of Combustion Waves in Divergent Propagation 6. Measurements of Limits of Flame Stabilization and Quenching 7. Structure of Laminar Burner Flames 8. Development of a Flame in a Laminar Flow Field from an Ignition Source 9. Laminar Flame Propagation in Tubes 10. Observations on Flames in Tubes; Effect of Vibrations and Gravity 11. Wrinkling and Disruption of Combustion Waves by Diffusional Stratification of Fuel-Oxidant Mixtures 12. Limits of Inflammability 13. Ignition by Electric Sparks 14. Ignition by Other Sources 15. Combustion Waves in Closed Vessels 16. Determination of Burning Velocity Chapter VI. Combustion Waves in Turbulent Flow 1. Description of Turbulent Burner Flames 2. Concepts of Turbulent Flow 3. Turbulent Burning Velocity 4. Effect of Turbulence Spectrum and Turbulent Wrinkling on Combustion Wave Propagation 5. Flame Stabilization in High-Velocity Flow by Pilot Flames 6. Flame Stabilization by Bluff Bodies 7. Ignition of High-Velocity Streams by Hot Solid Bodies Chapter VII. Air Entrainment and Burning of Jets of Fuel Gases 1. Description of Jet Flames 2. Theory of Laminar Jet Flames 3. Theory of Turbulent Jet Flames 4. Burners with Primary Air Entrainment Chapter VIII. Detonation Waves in Gases 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Theory of Shock and Detonation Waves 3. The Calculation of Detonation Velocity and Comparison with Experiment 4. Measurements of Detonation Velocity; Limits of Detonability; Pulsating and Spinning Detonations 5. Transition from Flame to Detonation Chapter IX. Emission Spectra, Ionization, and Electric-Field Effects in Flames 1. Flame Spectra 2. Ions and Electric-Field Effects Chapter X. Methods of Flame Photography and Pressure Recording 1. Flame Photography 2. Measurement of Pressure Rise in Closed Vessel Part III. State of the Burned Gas Chapter XI. Temperature, Pressure, and Volume of the Burned Gas 1. Thermodynamic Functions of Gases from Band Spectroscopy 2. Adiabatic Explosions in Closed Vessels 3. Adiabatic Flames at Constant Pressure Chapter XII. Temperature and Radiation of the Burned Gas 1. Characteristics of Thermal Radiation 2. Experimental Investigations of Radiation from Flames 3. Measurement of Temperature of Stationary Nonluminous Flames 4. Measurement of Temperature and Emissivity of Soot-Forming FlamesPart IV. Problems in Technical Combustion Processes Chapter XIII. Industrial Heating Chapter XIV. Internal Combustion Engines 1. Engine Cycles 2. Combustion Process in the Otto Engine 3. Combustion Process in the Diesel Engine 4. Combustion in Jet Engines 5. Combustion of Liquid Propellants in Rockets Appendix A—Data for Thermochemical Calculations Table 1. Energy Content of Gases Table 2. Equilibrium Constants of Various Reactions and Energies of Reaction at Absolute Zero Table 3. Heats of Combustion Table 4. Heats of Reaction for Hydrogen Peroxide Table 5. Heats of Decomposition of Gaseous Aldehydes, Ketones, and Acids Appendix B—Limits of Inflammability Table 1. Limits of Inflammability of Gases and Vapors with Air Table 2. Limits of Inflammability of Gases and Vapors with Oxygen Limits of Inflammability in Air Diluted with Various Inert Gases Table 3. Maximum safe Percentage of Oxygen in Mixtures of Combustibles with Air and C02 or N2 (room temperature and 1 atmosphere pressure) Lower Limits of Inflammability of Solvent Mixtures with Air Table 4. Inflammability of Vapors of Mixtures of Ethyl Acetate, Ethyl Alcohol, and Toluene Limits of Inflammability of Gases at High Pressures Limits of Inflammability of Gases at Reduced Pressures Extinction of Gasoline-Air Flames by Halogenated and Inert Gases Appendix C—Flame Temperatures Table 1. Flame Temperatures Author Index Subject Index