Characterization of Semiconductor Heterostructures and Nanostructures

Dedication

Preface

Contributors

Chapter 1. Introduction: The Interdisciplinary Nature of and Nanotechnology and Its Need to Exploit Frontier Characterization Techniques

1 The Scientific and Editorial Booming of Nanotechnology in the New Millennium

2 Heterostructures and Nanostructures: Definition and Applications, from Optoelectronic to Catalysis

3 Dynamic Interplay among Growth/Synthesis Techniques, Theoretical Modeling and Characterization Techniques in the Design and Improvement of Semiconductor Heterostructure-Based Devices

4 Purposes of the Book and Chapters Layout

References

Chapter 2. Ab initio Studies of Structural and Electronic Properties

1 Introduction

2 Basic Models for Band Alignments

3 Computational Approach

4 Band Offsets

5 Designing Heterostructures and Engineering Band Offsets

6 Electronic States

7 Complex Heterostructures for Advanced Applications

8 Summary and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References and Notes

Chapter 3. Strain and Composition Determination in Semiconductor Heterostructures by High-Resolution X-Ray Diffraction

1 Introduction

2 Lattice-Mismatched and Pseudomorphic Heterostructures

3 X-ray Diffraction Profiles of Semiconductor Heterostructures

4 Determination of the Composition of Semiconductor Alloy Heterostructures

5 Strain Release in Semiconductor Heterostructures

6 Experimental Results

7 Summary and Future Perspectives

References

Chapter 4. Nanostructures Observed by Surface Sensitive X-Ray Scattering and Highly Focused Beams

1 Introduction

2 Experimental Setups

3 Scientific Background for Grazing Incidence X-Ray Techniques on Nanostructures

4 Examples of Grazing Incidence Techniques Applied to Nanostructures

5 Focused X-Rays Applied to the Study of Individual Nanostructures

6 Summary and Future Perspective

References

Chapter 5. Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering for the Study of Nanostructures and Nanostructured Materials

1 Introduction

2 Theory of SAXS

3 Application of SAXS Technique

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6. Local Structure of Bulk and Nanocrystalline Semiconductors Using Total Scattering Methods

1 Introduction

2 The Total Scattering PDF Method

3 Example: Motional Correlations in Bulk Crystalline Semiconductors

4 Example: Disorder due to Alloying in Bulk Semiconductor Alloys

5 Example: Nanoscale Fluctuations in Pure Bulk Semiconductors

6 Example: Structure, Defects, Strain, and Size in Semiconductor NPs

7 Summary and Perspectives on the Future

References

Chapter 7. X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure in the Study of Semiconductor Heterostructures and Nanostructures

1 Introduction to X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy for Local Structural Studies

2 Detection Schemes and Experimental Set-ups Relevant for Semiconductor Research

3 A Review of the Use of XAFS in the Field of Semiconductor Heterostructures and Nanostructures

4 Summary and Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 8. Grazing Incidence Diffraction Anomalous Fine Structure in the Study of Structural Properties of Nanostructures

1 Introduction

2 Basic Principles

3 Experimental Setup

4 Data Analysis

5 Applications to Semiconductors Nanostructures

6 Summary and Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 9. Micro- and Nano-X-ray Beams

1 Introduction

2 Basic Resolution Limits

3 Advantages of Micro- and Nano-X-Ray Beams

4 XRM Modalities

5 X-Ray Focusing Optics

6 Analytical Methods

7 Applications

8 Summary and Future Perspectives

References

Chapter 10. Transmission Electron Microscopy Techniques for Imaging and Compositional Evaluation in Semiconductor Heterostructures

1 Introduction

2 Experimental: Basic of the Electron Microscope

3 Diffraction Contrast in TEM Images

4 Phase Contrast

5 Other Techniques

6 Applications

Appendix A

References

Chapter 11. Imaging at the Nanoscale: Scanning Probe Microscopies Applied to Semiconductors

1 Introduction

2 Experimental Setup

3 Case Studies

4 Summary and Future Perspectives

References

Chapter 12. Photoluminescence Characterization of Structural and Electronic Properties of Semiconductor Quantum Wells

1 Introduction

2 Experimental Systems and Techniques

3 Electronic and Optical Properties of Quantum Structures

4 PL Characterization of III–V Semiconductor QWs

5 PL of Ge/SiGe QWs: A Quasi-Direct System

6 Summary

References

Chapter 13. Cathodoluminescence of Self-assembled Nanosystems: The Cases of Tetrapods, Nanowires, and Nanocrystals

1 Short Introduction to Cathodoluminescence Spectroscopy

2 Unpredicted Nucleation of Extended ZB Phases in WZ ZnO Nanotetrapod Arms

3 Enhancement of the Core NBE Emission Induced by Amorphous Shell in Coaxial One-Dimensional Nanostructure: The Case of SiC/SiO2 Core/Shell Self-organized NWS

4 Excitonic Recombination in Superstoichiometric Nanocrystalline TiO2 Grown by Cluster Precursors at RT

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 14. The Role of Photoemission Spectroscopies in Heterojunction Research

1 Introduction

2 Angle-resolved Photoemission

3 Local Chemical Analysis

4 Photoemission Spectromicroscopy

5 Case Studies

6 Recent Developments

7 Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 15. Electrical and Electro-Optical Characterization of Semiconductor Nanowires

1 Introduction. Semiconductor Nanowires

2 Electrical Measurements

3 Photocurrent Spectroscopy

4 Charge Collection Microscopy

5 Electroluminescence Spectroscopy

6 Transport Properties of GAN Nanowires

7 Electron Transport in III-N axial NW Heterostructures

8 Optoelectronic Properties of Single-Wire InGaN/GaN MQW Devices

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 16. Electron Spin Resonance of Interfaces and Nanolayers in Semiconductor Heterostructures

1 Introduction

2 ESR Technique

3 Probing Semiconductor/Insulator Interfaces Through Inherent Point Defects

4 Paramagnetic Defects in Dielectric Layers

5 Summary and Future Perspectives

References

Chapter 17. Raman Spectroscopy

1 Introduction

2 Experimental Methods

3 Applications

4 Summary and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Index