Characterization of Biomaterials

Preface

List of Contributors

Chapter 1. Introduction to Biomaterials

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Types of Materials

1.3 Biomaterials and Biocompatibility

1.4 Types of Biomaterials

1.5 Properties of Biomaterials

1.6 Biomaterials Characterization and Outline of this Book

1.7 Summary

Suggested Further Reading

Chapter 2. Physical and Chemical Characterization of Biomaterials

2.1 Microstructural Characterization

2.2 Scanning Probe Microscopy

2.3 X-ray Diffraction and Scattering Methods

2.4 FT-IR Spectroscopy

2.5 DLS Techniques

2.6 Contact Angle Measurements

2.7 Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry

2.8 Gas Adsorption Measurements

2.9 Summary

References

Chapter 3. Mechanical Characterization of Biomaterials

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Fundamental Concepts

3.3 Specimens

3.4 Application and Measurement of Load and Deformation

3.5 Environment

3.6 Data Acquisition and Analysis

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4. Surface Characterization of Biomaterials

4.1 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

4.2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy

4.3 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)

4.4 Surface Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry

4.5 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy

4.6 Raman Spectroscopy

4.7 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

4.8 Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy

4.9 Light Microscopy and Confocal Microscopy

4.10 Scanning Electron Microscopy

4.11 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy

4.12 Profilometry

4.13 Contact Angle Measurement

4.14 Ellipsometry

4.15 Conclusions

References

Chapter 5.1. In Vitro Characterization of Cell–Biomaterials Interactions

5.1.1 Introduction

5.1.2 Basics of Cell Biology

5.1.3 Materials for Biomedical Applications (Biomaterials)

5.1.4 Cell–Nanotopography Responses on Synthetic Substrates

5.1.5 Techniques to Evaluate Cell–Material Interactions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5.2. Characterization of Bacteria–Biomaterial Interactions, from a Single Cell to Biofilms

5.2.1 Introduction

5.2.2 Quantification of Bacterial Interactions with Surfaces

5.2.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Use in Investigations of Biological Systems

5.2.4 Use of AFM for Quantification of Bacteria–Biomaterial Interactions

5.2.5 Examples from the Literature of AFM Studies of Bacteria–Biomaterial Interactions

5.2.6 Characterization of Biofilms on Biomaterial Surfaces

5.2.7 Quantifying Biofilm Structure

5.2.8 Analysis of Biofilm Images

5.2.9 Conclusions

Sources for Further Information and Advice

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6. In Vivo Characterization of Biomaterials

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Ideal Characteristics of Biomaterial for in vivo Application

6.3 Animal Model in Orthopaedic Surgery

6.4 Animal Models in Spinal Surgery and Characterization of Biomaterials

6.5 Characterization Parameters

6.6 Biodistribution Studies

6.7 In Vivo Characterization of Biomaterials in Soft Tissue Surgery

6.8 Summary

References

Chapter 7.1. Structural and Biological Characterization of Scaffolds

7.1.1 Introduction

7.1.2 Characterization of Scaffolds Morphology and Porosity

7.1.3 Permeability

7.1.4 Mechanical Characterization of Scaffolds

7.1.5 Biological Characterization of Scaffolds

7.1.6 Summary

References

Chapter 7.2. Mechanical Properties of Bioceramic Coatings on Medical Implants

7.2.1 Introduction

7.2.2 Coating Microstructure

7.2.3 Wear Properties

7.2.4 Bond Strength of Coatings

7.2.5 Fatigue Properties of Coatings

7.2.6 Shear Testing of Coatings

7.2.7 Summary

References

Chapter 8. Characterization of Orthopaedic Devices

8.1 Mechanical Testing of Orthopaedic Devices

8.2 Tribological Testing of Joint Implants

8.3 Metallic Coatings for Orthopaedic Devices

References

Chapter 9. Characterization of Cardiovascular Implantable Devices

9.1 Cardiovascular System

9.2 Types of Cardiovascular Implantable Devices

9.3 In Vitro Characterization of Cardiovascular Implantable Devices

References

Index