Cell Shape

Preface

I. Basic Determinants of Cell Shape


1. Tension and Compression as Basic Determinants of Cell Form and Function: Utilization of a Cellular Tensegrity Mechanism

I. Introduction

II. Cell Shape and Regulation of Cell Function

III. Determinants of Cell Shape

IV. Modeling Cell Behavior with Tensegrity Cell Models

V. How Physical Forces Provide Regulatory Information

VI. Conclusion

References


2. Cell Motility and Tissue Morphogenesis

I. Introduction

II. Cell Motility: Forces in the Leading Lamella

III. Mechanical Aspects of Morphogenesis

IV. Discussion

References


3. Ion Channels as Mechanical Transducers

I. Introduction

II. Stretch-Activated Ion Channels

III. Nonspecific Mechanosensors and Stretch-Activated Channels

IV. Evolution of Stretch-Activated Channels

V. Stretch-Activated Channels in Cell Size Regulation: A Speculation

References

II. Molecular Approaches to Cell Shape


4. Cell Shape and Cell Contacts: Molecular Approaches to Cytoskeleton Expression

I. Introduction

II. Cell Shape-Related Regulation of Cytoskeletal Protein Expression

III. Regulation of Cytoskeleton Organization and Expression during Differentiation

IV. Concluding Remarks

References


5. Fibronectin as a Transducer of Tension

I. Introduction

II. Structure and Properties of Fibronectin

III. Fibronectin Receptors

IV. Cytoskeleton Interactions

V. Fibronectin: Cell Adhesion, Shape, and Motility

References


6. Extracellular Matrix Interaction with the Cytoskeleton

I. Introduction

II. Cell Shape, Cytoskeleton, and Gene Expression

III. Regulation of Levels of Gene Expression by the Cytoskeleton

IV. Mechanisms of Cytochalasin Action

V. Interaction of the Extracellular Matrix with Actin via Cell Surface Receptors

VI. Concluding Remarks

References


7. Cell Shape and Growth Control: Role of Cytoskeleton-Extracellular Matrix Interactions

I. Introduction

II. Growth Factors and the Cell Cycle

III. Cell Adhesion and Growth Control

IV. Importance of Cell-Extracellular Matrix Interactions

V. Role of the Cytoskeleton

References

III. Shaping in Specialized Cells


8. Red Cell Shape

I. Introduction

II. Red Cell Morphology

III. Red Cell Volume

IV. The Red Cell Membrane

V. The Red Cell Membrane Skeleton

VI. Membrane Mechanics

VII. Bilayer Couple Effects

VIII. Membrane Elasticity

IX. Membrane Plasticity

X. Red Cell Deformability

XI. Membrane Durability

XII. Evolution of Red Cell Shape

XIII. Speculations on the Genesis of Red Cell Shape

References


9. Nerve Cell Shape

I. Introduction

II. Neuronal Morphology and Maintenance

III. Chemical Properties of Cytoskeletal Components

IV. Formation of Neuronal Processes

V. Changes of Mature Neuronal Shape

VI. Summary

References


10. Effect of Cell Shape on Cartilage Differentiation

I. Introduction

II. Effects of Cell Shape on Chondrogenic Differentiation

III. Effects of Cell Shape on Continued Expression of the Cartilage Phenotype

IV. Speculations: Mechanisms of Shape or of Cytoskeletal Influences on Differentiation

V. Concluding Remarks

References


11. Bone Cell Shape and Function

I. Bone Cell Shape, Motility, and Function

II. Response of Bone, Bone Cells, and Cytoplasm to Mechanical Perturbations

III. Summary

References

IV. The Shape of Organisms


12. Unicellular Morphogenesis

I. Introduction

II. Morphogenesis in Protozoa

III. Morphogenesis in Unicellular Algae

IV. Conclusions

References


13. Cell Shape and Vertebrate Embryogenesis

I. Introduction

II. Embryonic Polarity

III. Gastrulation and Notochord Formation

IV. Neurulation

V. Conclusions

References

Index