Cell and Tissue Destruction

I. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REASONS FOR DESTRUCTION IN LIVING SYSTEMS
1. Cells and Organisms as Open Systems
1.1 Main Properties of Cells
1.2 Thermodynamic Basis of Life
1.3 Functioning of Life as Open System
1.4 High Order of Biological Material Versus Destruction
1.5 Destructions and Their Prevention in Complex Organisms
1.6 On the Structure of This Book
1.7 Summary

2. Role of Reactive Species in Destructions
2.1 Short Characterization of Reactive Species
2.2 Dioxygen-Derived Reactive Species
2.3 Nitrogen-Based Reactive Species
2.4 Transition Metal Ion-Based Species
2.5 (Pseudo)Halogen-Based Reactive Species
2.6 Reactive Species in Cell and Tissue Destruction
2.7 Instead of a Summary: Reactive Species Versus General Protective Mechanisms

3. Oxidation and Reduction of Biological Material
3.1 Unwanted Destruction of Biological Material
3.2 Oxidation of Lipids
3.3 Destructions in Carbohydrates
3.4 Oxidations in Proteins
3.5 Destructions in Nucleic Acids
3.6 Antioxidative Defense by Small Molecules
3.7 Redox Homeostasis
3.8 Repair Mechanisms of Nucleic Acids
3.9 Summary and Outlook

II. PROTECTION AGAINST CYTOTOXIC COMPONENTS AND DESTRUCTIONS
4. Disturbances in Energy Supply
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Transport of Dioxygen by Red Blood Cells
4.3 Dioxygen in Muscle Cells and Other Tissues
4.4 Cytotoxic Effects of Dioxygen-Binding Heme Proteins and Their Components
4.5 Utilization of Glucose and Dioxygen in Cells and Mitochondria
4.6 Dioxygen in Tissues Under Normal and Pathological Conditions
4.7 Glucose as an Energy Substrate
4.8 Summary

5. Mechanisms of Cell Death
5.1 Overview
5.2 Apoptosis: Mitochondrial Pathway
5.3 Apoptosis: Death Receptor Pathway
5.4 Necrosis
5.5 Special Forms of Programmed Cell Death
5.6 Degradation of Dysfunctional Components and Waste
5.7 Red Blood Cells
5.8 Neutrophils
5.9 Summary

6. Immune Response and Tissue Damage
6.1 Short Characterization of Immune Cells as Key Players of Immunity
6.2 Regulation of Immune Processes
6.3 Inflammatory Response
6.4 Important properties of polymorphonuclear leukocytes
6.5 Macrophages as Main Phagocytes
6.6 Special Aspects of Acquired Immune Response
6.7 Dysregulation of Immune Responses
6.8 Summary

7. Acute-Phase Proteins and Additional Protective Systems
7.1 Acute-Phase Response
7.2 Control of Inflammatory Response by Acute-Phase Proteins
7.3 Complement System
7.4 Coagulation System
7.5 Links Between Complement, Coagulation, and Inflammation
7.6 Summary

III. AGEING PROCESSES AND DEVELOPMENT OF PATHOLOGICAL STATES
8. Aging in Complex Multicellular Organisms
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Genes and Aging
8.3 Neuroendocrine Theories of Aging
8.4 Damage Accumulation Theories
8.5 Aging as a Consequence of Growth Limitation
8.6 Concluding Remark

9. Cell and Tissue Destruction in Selected Disorders
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Disturbances of the CardioVascular System
9.3 Diabetes Mellitus and Complications
9.4 Neurodegenerative Disorders
9.5 Autoimmune Disorders
9.6 Diseases of the Respiratory Tract
9.7 Diseases of the Digestive System
9.8 Cancer
9.9 Concluding Remarks

10. Organ Damage and Failure
10.1 Elimination of Wastes and Xenobiotics from the Organism
10.2 Kidney Dysfunctions
10.3 Liver Damage
10.4 Spleen Damage
10.5 Sepsis
10.6 Devastating Consequences of Sepsis
10.7 Concluding Remarks

11. Conclusions
11.1 The Alliance of High Complexity and Destructions in Living Systems
11.2 Disturbances of Homeostasis
11.3 Peculiarities of Defense Mechanisms
11.4 What Can We Do to Avoid Dreadful Effects of Damaging Reactions?

Appendix: Some Basics About Redox Reactions in Living Systems Product Formation