Cardiovascular Review 1984

Cardiovascular Review 1984 is an attempt to assimilate most of the clinically germane English-speaking cardiologic literature in as concise and timely a format as possible. Thus, this textual compendium of individual reports represents as current a summary of cardiologic thinking as the publishing process will allow. With the addition of another 1926 references, this work now consists of about 9000 statements on cardiovascular reports appearing in the English-speaking cardiovascular literature. The table of contents has been constructed to reflect the order in which the preponderance of cardiologic literature appears. Thus, ischemic heart disease, valvular heart disease, arrhythmias, and conduction defects have been assigned a high priority reflected by their location in the first few sections of this book. Thereafter, topics ranging from acromegaly to tumors of the heart have been addressed in alphabetical order.

Preface to 1984 Volume

Preface to 1979 Volume

Preface to 1980 Volume

Preface to 1982 Volume

Preface to 1983 Volume

Ischemic Heart Disease

I. Natural History

Angina

Myocardial Infarction

Aneurysm

The Changing Mortality of Coronary Heart Disease

Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis

Regression

II. Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Age, Sex, and Genetics

Alcohol

Climate and Environment

Coffee

Contraceptives, Hormones, and Endogenous Endocrine Influences

Diabetes Mellitus

Educational Status

Hemostatic Factors and Hematocrit

Hypertension

Hypertrophy

Integument

Lifestyle

Lipids

Obesity and Weight

Occupation

Physical Activity

Psychosocial Risks

Race

Radiation

Retirement

Risk Scores and Intervention Trials

Smoking

Trace Metals and Minerals (including Water Hardness)

Travel

Uric Acid

Vasectomy

Vital Capacity

III. Clinical Aspects of Ischemic Heart Disease

Angina

Arrhythmias and Conduction Defects

Asymptomatic or Unrecognized Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction

Bezold-Jarisch Reflex

Diabetes

Extension vs Expansion of Myocardial Infarction

Fever

Heart Size

Hypertension and Hypertrophy

Hyperventilation

Hypoxemia

Humoral Control

Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

Left Main Coronary (LMC) Disease and "Left Main Equivalent" (LME)

Pericarditis

Peripheral Vascular Disease

Prehospital Course

Premonitory Symptoms (Prodrome) of an Acute Coronary Event

Prognosis and Survival

Pulmonary Edema

Pulmonary Function

Pulse

Renal Disease

Retinal Changes as an Indicator of Coronary Heart Disease

Rupture

Sex

Shock

Site of Infarction and Its Significance

Sudden Death and Prehospital Cardiac Arrest

Stroke

Thromboembolism

Valsalva Maneuver

Ventricular Aneurysm and Thrombosis

Coronary Heart Disease in the Young

IV. Pathogenesis, Pathophysiology, and Pathology

Alcohol

Anomalies of Coronary Arteries

Aortic Regurgitation

Arteriovenous Fistula

Atherogenesis

Atrial Involvement

Collaterals

Complement

Coxsackie Virus

Drugs and Coronary Heart Disease

Metabolism of Ischemia

Myocardial Bridging

Myocardial Oxygen Supply and Demand

Nephrotic Syndome

Pathologic Anatomy and Its Significance

Physiology of Coronary Heart Disease (Hemodynamics)

Radiation

Thromboembolism, Platelets, Prostaglandins, and Vasospastic Mechanisms

Ventricular and Atrial Function

V. Diagnosis

General Aspects of Clinical Predictors

History

Physical Examination

Bayes' Theorem. Effect of Pretest Likelihood of Disease on the Utility of Diagnostic Tests

The Electrocardiogram at Rest

Ambulatory Monitoring (Dynamic Electrocardiogram; DCG)

Transtelephonic Monitoring

Exercise (Stress) Electrocardiography

The Chemistry of Ischemia

Scintigraphy (Radioisotopic Imaging)

Echocardiography

Fluoroscopy

Systolic Time Intervals

Sizing of Infarction

Cardiac Catheterization (Hemodynamic, Cardiodynamic, and Coronary Ateriographic Studies)

VI. Therapy

Changing Patterns of Therapy

Medical Management

Special Therapeutic Considerations

Surgery

Valvular Heart Disease

I. Etiology and Incidence

II. Clinical

Aortic Stenosis (AS)

Aortic Regurgitation (AR)

Mitral Stenosis (MS)

Mitral Regurgitation (MR)

Mitral Annular Calcification (MAC)

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Tricuspid Valve Prolapse (Multiple Floppy Valves)

Tricuspid Stenosis (TS) and Regurgitation (TR)

Thromboembolic Complications

The Myocardial Impairment and Hypertrophy of Valvular Disease

Diagnosis of Valvular Disease

Prognosis of Valvular Disease

III. Therapy of Valvular Heart Disease

Medical

Pacing

Surgery

Arrhythmias and Conduction Defects

I. Cardiac Rhythm in Healthy Populations

II. Supraventricular Arrhythmias

Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)

Atrial Conduction

Atrial Flutter

Atrial Fibrillation (AF)

Atrial Dissociation

Atrial Asystole

Chaotic Atrial Mechanisms

Junctional Mechanisms

Hemodynamics of Atrioventricular Dissociation

Atrial Electrophysiology

III. Ventricular Arrhythmias

Etiology and Mechanisms

Risk and Natural History

Site, Significance, and Prognosis

Associated Conduction Defects

Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)

Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)

IV. Long Q-T Syndromes (LQTS) and Torsade de Pointes

Criteria

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical

Pathology

Treatment

Results and Prognosis

V. Sick Sinus Syndrome (including Carotid Sinus Syncope)

Etiology, Mechanisms, and Pathology

Clinical Characteristics

Associated Arrhythmias and Conduction Defects

Drug Effects

Diagnosis

VI. Conduction

Classification

Atrial

Atrioventricular Block (AVB)

HIS-Purkinje Conjunction, Bundle Branch, and Fascicular Block

Accelerated Conduction (Wolff-Parkinson-White [WPW], Lown-Ganong-Levine [LGL], and Concealed Accessory Pathways)

Conduction as Affected by Electrolytes

VII. Syncope

VIII. General Diagnostic Considerations

Electrocardiogram

Ambulatory Recordings

Exercise Testing

Electrophysiologic Studies

Echocardiogram

Image Phase Analysis

IX. Treatment of Arrhythmias and Conduction Defects

Indications for Treatment

Electrophysiologic Drug Testing

Results of Treatment

Antiarrhythmic Agents

High-Energy Capacitator Discharges

Pacemaker Therapy

Neuromechanical Maneuvers

Atrioventricular Conduction Ablation by Catheter Techniques

Surgery

Acromegaly

Aging

Alcohol

Amyloidosis

Anemia (including Sickle Cell Anemia)

Aneurysms and Dissections of Great Vessels

Anorexia Nervosa

Arteritis

Athletic Heart

Bartter's Syndrome

Behcet's Syndrome

Carcinoid

Cardiomyopathy

I. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Etiology

Pathology

Ventricular Function and Hemodynamics

Mechanism of Obstruction and Cavity Obliteration

Mechanism of Systolic Anterior Motion (SAM) of the Mitral Valve and Mitral Prolapse

Hypertrophy (Nature and Location)

Symptoms and Clinical Course

Arrhythmias and Conduction Defects

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Childhood

Natural History, Prognosis, and Sudden Death

Ischcmic Heart Disease and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Other Associated Cardiac Diseases

Endocarditis

Diagnosis

II. Congestive (Dilated) Cardiomyopathy

Etiology

Prevalence and Prognosis

Pathogenesis

Clinical Aspects

Electrophysiology

Diagnosis

Treatment

III. Restrictive and Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Chemotherapy

Chagas' Disease

Cirrhosis

Collagen and Connective Tissue Disease

I. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

II. Scleroderma

III. Periarteritis Nodosa

IV. Polymyositis - Dermatomyositis

V. Ehlers - Danlos Syndrome

VI. Rheumatoid Arthritis

VII. Marfan's Syndrome

VIII. Mixed Connective Tissue Disease

IX. Mucopolycaccharidoses

Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult

Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Edema

I. Pathogenesis, Pathophysiology

II. Effects of Therapy

III. Mortality

IV. Principles of Treatment

Positive Inotropic Agents

Digitalis

Other Positive Inotropic Agents

V. Diuretics and Cathartics

Potassium-Wasting Diuretics

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Mode and Duration of Action

General Clinical Considerations

Side Effects

VI. Unloading Programs

Physiology of Unloading

Clinical Response

Precautions

Specific Unloading Agents

Comparative Effects of Vasodilators

VII. Beta Blockers

VIII. Miscellaneous Agents

Electrocardiography

I. P WAVE

II. The QRS Interval

Q Wave

R Wave Progression

Hemodyalysis

Hypertrophy

Osborne Waves (J Waves)

Axis Shifts and Conduction Defects

Hemodynamic Correlates

III. The QT Interval

IV. The ST Segment

Injury Patterns

Early Repolarization Syndrome

The Juvenile Pattern

V. T Wave

VI. Voltage

VII. Vectorcardiogram

VIII. Effects of Aging

Endocarditis

I. Bacterial

Clinical

Specific Risks

Bacteriology

Diagnosis

Prognosis

Special Therapeutic Considerations

II. Nonbacterial

Fungal Endocarditis

Parasitic Endocarditis

Rickettsial Endocarditis

Marantic (Nonbacterial) Endocarditis

Fabry's Disease (Angiokeratoma Corporis Fiffusum Universale)

Heat Stroke

Hemochromatosis

Hypereosinophilic Syndromes

Hypertension

I. Prevalence and Significance

II. Hemodynamics and the Evolution of Hypertension

Earliest Derangements

Borderline and Labile Hypertension

Hyperkinetic Essential Hypertension

Hypertension in the Elderly

III. The Humoral Aspects of Hypertension

Pathophysiology

Etiologic Endocrine Mechanisms

Neurovascular Aspects of Hypertension

Autonomic Manipulations

Adrenergic Receptors

Baroreceptors

Vascular Reactivity

IV. Renal and Renovascular Mechanisms

V. Volume Overload Hypertension

VI. Etiologic Correlates

Alcohol

Coffee and Smoking

Contraceptives

Other Chemicals and Drugs

Diabetes

Diet, Salt, Ions, and Obesity

Gaisbock's Syndrome

Pediatrics

Pregnancy

Quadriplegia

Race

VII. Malignant (Accelerated) Hypertension

VIII. Anatomic and Clinical Consequences of Hypertension

Left Ventricle

Right Ventricle

IX. Measurement

X. Detection and Diagnosis

XI. Treatment

Indications and Special Therapeutic Considerations

Pharmacologic Therapy

Nonpharmacologic Therapy

Hypotension

Magnesium

Marfan's Syndrome

Marijuana

Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome (MCLS; Kawasaki's Disease)

Muscular Dystrophy

Myocarditis

Myxedema

Obesity

Pericardium

I. Function

II. Acute Pericarditis

Etiology

Diagnosis

Therapeutic Considerations

III. Constrictive-Effusive Pericarditis

Etiology

Clinical Aspects

IV. Pericardial Effusion and Tamponade

Clinical Aspects

Diagnosis

Treatment

V. Congenital Absence

Peripheral Vascular Disease

I. Arterial Disease

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Physical Diagnosis

Therapy

II. Venous DISEASE

III. Lymphatic Disease

Pregnancy

Pulmonary Disease

I. Alveolar Hypoventilation and Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Pathophysiology

Clinical Aspects

Treatment

II. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Natural History

Clinical

Ventricular Function

Hemodynamics

Heart Size

Adenoids

Arrhythmias

Electrocardiogram

Echocardiogram

Pulmonary Embolism

Therapeutic Considerations

III. Iatrogenic Lung Disease

IV. Noncardiac Pulmonary Edema

V. Pulmonary Hemorrhage

VI. Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Pathophysiology

Adaption to Oxygen

Diagnosis

Gastrointestinal Complications

Therapy

VII. Pleural Effusion

Pulmonary Vascular Disease

I. Pulmonary Embolism (PE) and Peripheral Venous Disease

Clinical Aspects

Diagnosis

Prognosis

Treatment

II. Pulmonary Hypertension

Classification

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Symptoms

Diagnosis

Prognosis

Therapy

III. Pulmonary Vasculitides

IV. Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistula

Radiation

Rheumatic Fever

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Sarcoidosis

Sounds and Murmurs

Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease

Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Thyroid

Time Intervals, Systolic and Diastolic

I. Systolic

Hemodynamic Correlation

Electrocardiographic Correlation

Clinical Correlation

II. Diastolic Time Intervals

Trauma

Tumors of the Heart

Whipple's Disease

Supplements I-XI

Abbreviations

Guide to Journal Abbreviations

Index