Carbon Dioxide Utilisation

Part 1. Introductory Concepts

Chapter 1. What is CO₂? Thermodynamics, Basic Reactions and Physical Chemistry

• 1.1. Introduction
• 1.2. Spectroscopy and its role in climate change
• 1.3. Phase behaviour and solvent properties
• 1.4. Kinetics and thermodynamics
• 1.5. Commercially important reactions of carbon dioxide

Chapter 2. Carbon Dioxide Capture Agents and Processes

• 2.1. Carbon dioxide sources
• 2.2. Capture processes
• 2.3. Carbon dioxide capture agents
• 2.4. Future perspectives
• 2.5. Concluding remarks

Chapter 3. CO₂-Derived Fuels for Energy Storage

• 3.1. Introduction
• 3.2. The decarbonisation of electrical generation
• 3.3. The decarbonisation of transport
• 3.4. The decarbonisation of heat
• 3.5. Conclusion

Chapter 4. Environmental Assessment of CO₂ Capture and Utilisation

• 4.1. Introduction: Why do we need a reliable environmental assessment of CO₂ utilisation?
• 4.2. Green chemistry and environmental assessment tools
• 4.3. Life cycle assessment
• 4.4. ISO standardisation of LCA
• 4.5. How to conduct an LCA for CO₂ capture and utilisation?
• 4.6. Conclusions for LCA of CCU

Part 2. Contribution to Materials

Chapter 5. Polymers from CO₂—An Industrial Perspective

• 5.1. Introduction
• 5.2. Challenges in CO₂ utilisation
• 5.3. Polymers based on CO₂
• 5.4. Polymers based on CO₂—direct approach
• 5.5. Polymers based on CO₂—indirect approach
• 5.6. Industrial example: direct epoxide/CO₂ copolymerization
• 5.7. Summary and outlook

Chapter 6. CO₂-based Solvents

• 6.1. Introduction
• 6.2. CO₂ as a solvent
• 6.3. CO₂-expanded liquids
• 6.4. CO₂-responsive switchable solvents
• 6.5. Conclusions

Chapter 7. Organic Carbonates

• 7.1. Introduction
• 7.2. Carbonates from cyclic ethers
• 7.3. Linear carbonates from alcohols
• 7.4. Cyclic carbonate from diols
• 7.5. Effect of drying agents
• 7.6. Oxidative carboxylation of alkenes
• 7.7. Industrial potential

Chapter 8. Accelerated Carbonation of Ca- and Mg-Bearing Minerals and Industrial Wastes Using CO₂

• 8.1. Introduction
• 8.2. Engineered weathering of silicate minerals
• 8.3. Carbonation of alkaline industrial wastes

Part 3. Energy and Fuels

Chapter 9. Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Oxygenated Organics

• 9.1. Introduction
• 9.2. Methanol production
• 9.3. Dimethyl ether
• 9.4. Other oxygenates
• 9.5. Concluding remarks

Chapter 10. The Indirect and Direct Conversion of CO₂ into Higher Carbon Fuels

• 10.1. The (inevitable) coupled nature of our energy and CO₂ emission challenges
• 10.2. The concept of carbon-neutral liquid hydrocarbon fuels
• 10.3. The conversion or utilisation of CO₂

Chapter 11. High Temperature Electrolysis

• 11.1. Introduction
• 11.2. High temperature operation
• 11.3. Cell and stack configurations and balance of plant
• 11.4. Cell materials
• 11.5. Electrochemistry
• 11.6. SOC diagnostics
• 11.7. Electrolysis of carbon dioxide and co-electrolysis of carbon dioxide and steam
• 11.8. Conclusions

Chapter 12. Photoelectrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide

• 12.1. Introduction
• 12.2. Organizing principles of photoelectrochemical CO₂ reduction
• 12.3. Photovoltaic/electrolyser duel module systems: Metal electrodes for CO₂ conversion
• 12.4. Group III–V: GaP, InP, GaAs as photocathode for CO₂ reduction
• 12.5. Group II–VI: CdTe, and Group IV: Si, SiC photoelectrodes
• 12.6. Titanium oxide photoelectrodes
• 12.7. Other oxides photoelectrode: Cu₂O, CuFeO₂, etc
• 12.8. Semiconductor with a molecular co-catalyst
• 12.9. Semiconductors decorated with metal electrocatalysts for CO₂ reduction
• 12.10. Summary, conclusion and prospect

Part 4. Perspectives and Conclusions

Chapter 13. Emerging Industrial Applications

• 13.1. Introduction
• 13.2. Scaleup
• 13.3. Technology readiness
• 13.4. Methanol pilot plants
• 13.5. CO₂ reduction on a pilot scale
• 13.6. Reforming reactions on a pilot scale
• 13.7. Polymer pilot plants
• 13.8. Mineralization pilot plants
• 13.9. Summary

Chapter 14. Integrated Capture and Conversion

• 14.1. Introduction
• 14.2. Routes to CDU
• 14.3. Integrated CO₂ utilisation processes

Chapter 15. Understanding and Assessing Public Perceptions of Carbon Dioxide Utilisation (CDU) Technologies

• 15.1. Introduction
• 15.2. What will the public think of CDU?
• 15.3. Assessing public opinions of CDU
• 15.4. Conclusion

Chapter 16. Potential CO₂ Utilisation Contributions to a More Carbon-Sober Future: A 2050 Vision

• 16.1. Context elements
• 16.2. Efficiency and new materials to complement CCS efforts
• 16.3. The massive attention on renewable energy injection
• 16.4. Bridges among CO₂-to-fuel and specialty chemicals productions
• 16.5. When CO₂ supply becomes the issue
• 16.6. Local solutions to global issues
• 16.7. Timescales to deployment