Biometeorological Methods
Free Global Shipping
No minimum orderDescription
Biometeorological Methods provides a unified look at methodologies in biometeorology. Examples of biometeorological studies have been chosen not because the results are necessarily significant but because the method is instructive. The book begins with a brief survey of biometeorology to orient the reader approaching the subject for the first time. The remaining chapters seek to place in perspective the various experimental, empirical, analytical, and physical methods that are being used or could be used in biometeorology. Key topics discussed include space and time considerations in the sampling of the atmosphere; the design of biometeorological experiments; the use of tables, graphs, and charts in the search for biometeorological relationships; statistical and physical methods; and the synoptic approach. Also covered are studies on seasonal relationships, past climates, and climatic classification and indices. The present volume should be of value to anyone seeking assistance in the design of experiments and analysis of environmental data.
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Weather and Life
1.1. Physiology, Ecology, and Biometeorology
1.2. An Example of a Biometeorological Study
1.3. Reproducible and Specific Relations
1.4. Readjustment of Living Organisms to Their Environment
1.5. Readjustment of the Environment by Living Organisms
1.6. The Multidiscipline Approach
2. Sampling of the Atmosphere: Time Considerations
2.1. Time Variability in the Atmosphere
2.2. Concentration and Dosage
2.3. Radioactivity Units
2.4. Degree Days
2.5. Concentration and Flux
2.6. Physical Time Lags
2.7. Biological Clocks and Time Lags
3. Sampling of the Atmosphere: Space Considerations
3.1. Space Variability in the Atmosphere
3.2. Micrometeorology
3.3. Mesometeorology
3.4. Macrometeorology
3.5. Network Spacing
3.6. Some Instrument Sampling Problems
4. The Design of Biometeorological Experiments
4.1. Some Preliminary Steps
4.2. Visual Observations
4.3. Questionnaires
4.4. Other Medical Statistics
4.5. Controlled Laboratory Experiments
4.6. Outdoor Quasi-Controlled Experiments
4.7. Studies Based on Climatological and Other Routine Observations
5. Tables, Graphs, and Charts
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Single-Variable Tables and Graphs
5.3. Contingency Tables
5.4. Graphical Displays
5.5. Cartography and Spatial Averaging
5.6. Vector Diagrams
5.7. Streamlines and Trajectories
6. Statistical Methods I
6.1. Uses of Statistical Methods
6.2. Statistical Normalization
6.3. Empirical Statistical Methods
6.4. Multivariate Analysis
6.5. Spatial Relations
6.6. Extreme-Value Analysis
6.7. Peak-to-Mean Ratios
7. Statistical Methods II: Time Series
7.1. Normals
7.2. Variance and Spectra
7.3. The Blackman-Tukey Method of Spectral Analysis
7.4. Computational Considerations
7.5. Other Methods of Estimating Spectra
7.6. Nonstationarity
7.7. Cross-Spectrum Analysis
78. Persistence
8. Physical Methods
8.1. Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
8.2. Dimensional Analysis
8.3. Modeling
8.4. Water Budget
8.5. Metabolism
8.6. Energy Balance
8.7. Energy Chains
8.8. Diffusion and Ventilation
9. Physical Methods: Illustrative Examples
9.1. Introduction
9.2. The Effect of Humidity on Human Comfort
9.3. Wind Chill
9.4. Heat Stress
9.5. Ecosystem Competition
10. Synoptic Applications
10.1. The Synoptic Method
10.2. Stagnating Anticyclones: Pollution Potential Forecasting
10.3. Distant Transport of Gases and Particles
10.4. Distant Travel of Insect and Birds
10.5. The Effect of Contrails on Surface Temperature: a Simulation Model
10.6. Synoptic Maximization Techniques
10.7. Ecological Meteorotropisms
11. Seasonal Relationships
11.1. General Reflections
112. Evapotranspiration Estimates
11.3. Soil Moisture Budgets
11.4. Drought
11.5. Agricultural Yield Prediction
11.6. Seasonal Studies of Health
11.7. Pollution Studies
12. Studies of Past Climates
12.1. Introduction
12.2. The Instrument Era
12.3. The Historical Period
12.4. Paleoclimatology
12.5. Physical Models
12.6. Simulation of Climatic Change
12.7. Climatic Determinism
12.8. Climatic Adaptation
13. Climatic Classification and Indices
13.1. Historical Introduction
132. Air Pollution Indices
13.3. Water Budget and Soil Moisture Indices
13.4. Continentality Indices
13.5. Agricultural Indices
13.6. Human Comfort Indices
13.7. Climatonomy
14. Engineering and Economic Applications
14.1. Impact of Weather and Climate on Human Activities
14.2. Engineering Meteorology
14.3. The Cost/Loss Ratio
14.4. Weather Services and the National Economy
Appendix. Problems
References
Subject Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 346
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Academic Press 1970
- Published: January 28, 1970
- Imprint: Academic Press
- eBook ISBN: 9781483272412
About the Author
R. E. Munn
Affiliations and Expertise
Atmospheric Environment Service, Toronto, Ontario, Canada