Bioceramics: For Materials Science and Engineering

1.1 Ceramics and glasses

1.1.1 Description of ceramics 

1.1.2 Structure and microstructure 

1.1.3 Sintering and microstructure of ceramics 

1.1.4 Glasses and glass-ceramics 

1.1.5 Conclusion 

1.2 Types of bioceramics 

1.2.1 Classification of bioceramics according to the type of the implant material 

1.2.2 Classification of implants according to their tissue interactions 

1.3 Alumina and zirconia 

1.3.1 Alumina 

1.3.2 Zirconia 

1.4 Glasses and glass-ceramics

1.4.1 Glasses 

1.4.2 Glass-ceramics

1.5 Hydroxyapatite 

1.5.1 Preparation of hydroxyapatite 

1.6 Tricalcium phosphates 

1.7 Pyrolytic carbon

1.8 Composites

2.1 Oxide ceramics

2.1.1 Alumina 

2.1.2 Properties of alumina 

2.1.3 Zirconia 

2.1.4 Properties of zirconia 

2.1.5 Zirconia-toughened alumina

2.2 Calcium orthophosphates 

2.2.1 Monocalcium phosphates 

2.2.2 Octacalcium phosphate 

2.2.3 Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate 

2.2.4 Dicalcium phosphate anhydrous 

2.2.5 Anhydrous tricalcium phosphates 

2.2.6 Tetracalcium phosphate

2.2.7 Amorphous calcium phosphates

2.2.8 Hydroxyapatite

2.2.9 Fluorhydroxyapatites

2.2.10 Oxyapatite

2.3 Glass and glass-ceramics

2.3.1 Glass

2.3.2 Glass-ceramics

2.4 Bone cements and substitutes 

2.4.1 The types of bone cements and substitutes 

2.4.2 Example microstructures before and after in vitro tests

4.1 Orthopedic applications 

4.2 Dental applications