Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Diabetes

Preface: Diabetes Food

Contributors

Chapter 1. Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Systemic Glucose Homeostasis is a Multiorgan Process

3 Glucose Dysregulation: The Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance

4 Origins of Oxidative Stress in Various Cell Types

5 Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress-Associated Insulin Resistance

6 Utility of Select Antioxidants as Interventions in Oxidative Stress-Associated Insulin Resistance

7 Conclusion and Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Relevant Websites

Chapter 2. Diabetes and the Role of Dietary Supplements

1 Introduction

2 Alpha-Lipoic Acid

3 Omega-3 Oils

4 Chromium

5 Gymnemma Sylvestre

6 Fenugreek

7 Vitamin D

8 Conclusion

Glossary

References

Chapter 3. Government Regulation of Dietary Supplements and Foods: Role in Diabetes

1 Introduction

2 Nongovernmental Recommendations for Diabetics

3 NHPS for Diabetics

4 Food Label Information and Nutrition – Health Claims

5 Nutrition Recommendations for Diabetics

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 4. Diabetes as an Immune Dysfunction Syndrome

1 Diagnostic Laboratory Testing

2 Key Clinical Issues

3 Diagnoses and Comorbidities

4 Conclusion

References

Relevant Websites

Chapter 5. Antihyperglycemic Potential of Secoisolaricinol Diglucoside

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Botanical Description

3 Antihyperglycemic Potential of Secoisolaricinol diglucoside

4 Adverse Effects and Reactions (Allergies and Toxicity)

5 Summary Points

References

Chapter 6. Antidiabetic Potential of Trigonelline and 4-Hydroxyisoleucine in Fenugreek

1 Introduction

2 Historical Uses

3 Botanical Description

4 Chemical Constituents

5 Antidiabetic Potential of Trigonelline and 4-Hydroxyisoleucine

6 Summary Points

References

Chapter 7. Community Participation and Diabetes Control

Abbreviations

1 Introduction to Diabetes and Nutrition

2 Epidemiology of Diabetes in the US

3 Link Diabetes and Diet

4 Public Health Interventions to Prevent and Control Diabetes Through Diet

5 Recommendations for Future Involvement with Communities in Preventing and Treating Diabetes Through Diet

References

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Chapter 8. Glycine max (Soybean) Treatment for Diabetes

1 Introduction

2 Botanical Description

3 Glycine max Treatment for Diabetes

4 Summary Points

References

Chapter 9. Amino Acid Supplements and Diabetes

1 To Be or Not to Be: The Interrelationship Between AA and Glucose Metabolism

2 CrossTalk Between Insulin and AAS: mTOR, a Crucial Joint Between Insulin and AA-Mediated Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Diabetes

3 Insulin Resistance and AAS

4 AAS and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Diabetes

5 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 10. Reduction in Serum Glucose with Garlic Extracts

1 Introduction

2 Chemical Constituents of Garlic

3 Role of Garlic in Reduction of Serum Glucose

4 Other Roles of Garlic

5 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11. Dietary Supplements, Immune Modulation, and Diabetes Control

1 Introduction

2 Inflammatory Process in Diabetes

3 Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

4 Dietary Supplements

References

Chapter 12. Dietary Supplements and Herbs in Diabetes and Its Prevention

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Protective Mechanism of the Whole-Grain Diet

3 Phytonutrients and Diabetes Mellitus

4 Some of Representative Herb and Its Extracts in Prevention and Supplementation of Diabetes Therapy

5 Future

References

Relevant Websites

Chapter 13. Phytotherapeutics in Treating Diabetes

1 Introduction

2 Phytotherapeutics in Prediabetes

3 Phytotherapeutics for Glycemic Control

4 Phytotherapeutics in Diabetes-Associated Diseases

5 Summary: Phytotherapeutics in Integrative Diabetes Management

References

Chapter 14. Plant-Derived Hydroxycinnamate Derivatives, Insulin Sensitivity, and Adiponectin: Implications for Diabetes Control

1 Introduction

2 Curcumin

3 CAPE

4 γ-Oryzanol

5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 15. Antidiabetic Activity of Allium Sativum

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Scientific Classification

3 Botanical Description

4 Antidiabetic Activity of Garlic

5 Summary Points

6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions

7 Summary Points

References

Chapter 16. Chromium and Diabetes

1 Epidemiological Studies and Observational Studies

2 Safety of Dietary Chromium Supplements

3 Conclusion

References

Chapter 17. Dietary Calcium and Magnesium and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

1 Introduction

2 Magnesium, Calcium, and Type 2 Diabetes

3 Epidemiological Studies, Magnesium, Calcium, and Type 2 Diabetes

4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 18. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Insulin Resistance

1 Introduction

2 Dietary Fatty Acids and IR

3 Dietary Sources of PUFA

4 n-3 PUFA and IR

5 Reasons for Inconsistencies for the Effects of n-3 PUFA on IR

6 Conclusions and Future Research

Glossary

References

Chapter 19. Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abbreviations

1 Vitamin D Metabolism and Biological Function

2 Association of VTD and Type 2 Diabetes: Potential Mechanisms

3 VTD and Type 2 Diabetes: Epidemiology and Observational Studies

4 VTD and Type 2 Diabetes: Interventional Studies

5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 20. Pongamia pinnata: Treatment of Diabetes

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Scientific Classification

3 Botanical Description

4 Antidiabetic Activity of Pongamia pinnata

5 Summary Points

References

Chapter 21. Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) and Diabetes Care

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Botanical Description

3 Cultivation and Collection

4 Chemical Constituents

5 Oyster Mushroom (P. pulmonarius) and Diabetes Care

6 Summary Points

References

Chapter 22. Traditional Medicinal Plants of Indigenous Peoples of Canada and Their Antioxidant Activity in Relation to Treatment of Diabetes

1 Introduction

2 Selection Methods

3 Antioxidant Activity of the Selected Plants

4 Four Selected High Antioxidant Species

5 Concluding Statement

6 Summary

Glossary

References

Further Reading

Chapter 23. Indian Medicinal Plants with Hypoglycemic Potential

1 Introduction

2 Plant Families with Antidiabetic Potential

3 Bioactive Phytoconstituents with Antidiabetic Potential

4 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Glossary

References

Chapter 24. Plant Extracts and Alkaloids: Prevention of Diabetic Nephropathy

1 Introduction

2 The Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy

3 Current Strategies to Prevent Diabetic Nephropathy

4 Plant Extracts in the Prevention of Diabetic Nephropathy

5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 25. Lutein and Diabetic Cataracts

1 Introduction

2 Oxidative Stress and Cataracts

3 Mechanisms of Diabetic Cataracts

4 Antioxidants Used in Cataracts

5 Lutein

References

Chapter 26. Compounds in Vegetables Including Okra and Fenugreek of Potential Value in the Treatment of Diabetes

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Comparison of the Actions of Clinically Useful Hypoglycemic Agents and Naturally Occurring Molecules

3 Antioxidant Action of Polyphenols and the Decrease of Advanced Glycation End Products

4 Okra (A. esculentus or H. esculentus)

5 Fenugreek (T. foenum-graecum)

6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 27. Probiotics and Diabetes/Obesity: Health Implications

1 Introduction

2 Pathophysiology of Diabetes and Obesity

3 Targets of Blood Glucose Control: Current Therapeutic Strategies

4 Alternative Therapies for Diabetes

5 Nutritional Therapy for Diabetes

6 Probiotics Can Be Considered as an Alternative Therapeutic Agent for Diabetes and Obesity

7 Conclusions

Glossary

References

Relevant Websites

Chapter 28. Tradition and Perspectives of Diabetes Treatment in Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine

1 Introduction

2 Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine

3 Antidiabetic Plant-Derived Drugs

4 Current Status of Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine

5 Closing Remarks and Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 29. State of the Art of Diabetes Treatment in Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine

1 Introduction

2 Commonly Used Herbal-Based Treatments in Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine

3 Plant Mixtures Used in the Treatment of Diabetes

4 Other Treatments

5 Distributed Control of Blood Glucose

6 Closing Remarks and Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 30. Phytonutrients in Diabetes Management

1 Clinical Perspective

2 Specific Nutrients

3 Botanicals

4 Nutrient–Drug Protocols

5 Conclusion

References

Relevant Websites

Chapter 31. Antidiabetic Effects of Punica granatum L (Pomegranate): A Review

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Phytochemicals Present in Pomegranate

3 Traditional Uses of Pomegranate

4 Scientifically Validated Properties

5 Pomegranate in the Treatment of Diabetes

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 32. Type II Diabetes Mellitus: 2011 Research Summary

1 Introduction

2 Exercise

3 Diet and Dietary Supplements in Diabetes Prevention and Health

4 Dietary Supplements in the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes

5 Conclusion

References

Relevant Websites

Chapter 33. Diabetes and Natural Products

1 Morinda lucida Benth. (Rubiaceae)

2 Smilax glabra Roxb. (Liliaceae)

3 S. birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. (Anacardiaceae)

4 Fenugreek (Fabaceae/Leguminosae)

5 Bitter Melon (Curcubitaceae)

6 Sweet Potatoes (Solonaceae)

7 Peas (Fabaceae/Leguminosae)

8 Garlic (Liliaceae)

9 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 34. L-Carnitine in Patients with Diabetes

1 Introduction

2 Diabetes

3 Carnitine

4 Carnitine and Diabetes

5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 35. Antioxidants and Inflammation in Obesity

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Inflammation, OS, and Chronic Disease

3 Obesity and Inflammation

4 OS in Overweight and Obesity

5 Links Between OS and Inflammation and the Role of AOX

6 AOX Vitamins in Obesity (Plasma Levels and Dietary Intake Patterns)

7 Dietary AOX and OS and Inflammation in Overweight and Obesity

8 Limitations and Considerations

9 Conclusion

References

Chapter 36. Magnesium and Metabolic Syndrome: The Role of Magnesium in Health and Disease

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Metabolic Syndrome

3 Magnesium

4 Magnesium in Metabolic Syndrome and Its Component Conditions

5 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

Glossary

References

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Chapter 37. Obesity in Ayurveda: Dietary, Lifestyle, and Herbal Considerations

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Ayurveda

3 Obesity in Ayurveda

4 Etiology

5 Pathophysiology

6 Clinical Manifestation

7 Classification of Obesity

8 Complications of Obesity

9 Prognosis

10 Management of Obesity

11 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Glossary

References

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Chapter 38. The Effects of a Fermented Soy Product and Isoflavones in Metabolic Syndrome Control

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Fermented Soy Product and Isoflavones in Adipose Tissue Metabolism

3 Soy and Isoflavones in Weight Loss

4 Soy and Isoflavones in Cardiovascular Diseases and Dislipidemias

5 Soy and Isoflavones in Glycemic Control

6 Soy and Isoflavones in NAFLD

7 Summary Points

References

Chapter 39. Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Pycnogenol: Diabetes and Arthritis

1 Background

2 Pycnogenol and Inflammation

3 Pycnogenol and Arthritis

4 Pycnogenol and Diabetes

5 Pycnogenol Safety and Cost Effectiveness

6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 40. Metabolic Syndrome: Diet, Obesity, and Chronic Inflammation

Abbreviations

1 Background on Metabolic Syndrome

2 Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and MetS

3 Chronic Inflammation and MetS

4 Dietary Interventions

5 Lifestyle Interventions

6 Dietary Supplements in MetS

References

Relevant Websites

Chapter 41. The Indian Medicinal Plant Aegle marmelos in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: Promise and Prospects

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Diabetes and Its Complications

3 Clinical Management of Diabetes

4 Ayurveda and Diabetes

5 The Indian Medicinal Plant Aegle marmelos as Antidiabetic Plant of Importance

6 Bael in the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes

7 Mechanism/s of Action

8 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 42. Antidiabetic and Hypoglycemic Effects of Syzygium cumini (Black Plum)

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Clinical Management of Diabetes

3 Ayurveda and Diabetes

4 Syzygium cumini as Antidiabetic Plant of Importance

5 Antidiabetic Effects of Jamun

6 Use of Jamun Seeds in the Treatment of Diabetes, Preclinical Studies

7 Use of Jamun Fruit Pulp in Diabetes Treatment

8 Jamun Bark in Diabetes Treatment

9 Human Trials on Antidiabetic Effect of Jamun

10 Mechanisms of Action

11 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 43. Human Milk as a Bioactive Food

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Prevalence of Breastfeeding

3 Milk Secretion

4 Composition of Human Milk. Bioactive Factors in HM

5 How Does Breastfeeding Influence the Infant

6 Breastfeeding and Women’s Health

Future Research

References

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Chapter 44. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in the Treatment of Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Preclinical Observations

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Diet and Diabetes

3 Botanical and Phytochemical Aspects of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

4 Antihyperglycemic Effects of Ginger

5 Ginger Reduces the Diabetic Complications in Animals

6 Mechanisms of Action

7 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 45. Antidiabetic and Cardioprotective Effects of Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) and its Phytochemicals: Preclinical Observations

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Phytochemicals

3 Traditional Uses

4 Scientifically Validated Studies

5 Amla as an Antidiabetic and Cardioprotective Agent

6 Amla Possesses Hypoglycemic Effects and Ameliorates the Diabetic Complications

7 Amla Possesses Antihyperlipidemic Effects

8 Amla is Effective in Preventing Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity

9 Phyllaemblicin B, a Constituent of Amla is Effective in Inhibiting Coxsackie Virus B3-Induced Apoptosis and Myocarditis

10 Amla is Effective in Preventing Ischemic–Reperfusion Injury

11 Quercetin and Gallic Acid are Effective in Preventing Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats

12 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 46. Prickly Pear Cactus (‘Nopal’) for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

1 Introduction

2 Botanical Characteristics

3 Nutritional and Medicinal Uses of Prickly Pear Cactus

4 Medicinal Parts

5 Human and Animal Studies with Prickly Pear Cactus

6 Animal Studies

7 Studies with Human Subjects Using Dehydrated Prickly Pear Capsules

8 Studies with Human Subjects Using Prickly Pear Stems or Extracts

9 Conclusions

References

Chapter 47. Antioxidant Capacity of Honey: Potential Health Benefit

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Meliponinae Bee Honey

3 Final Considerations

References

Index