Basics for Chemistry

ContentsOne. Introduction 1.1 Chemistry Defined 1.2 The Nature of Science 1.3 The Background of Chemistry 1.4 Studying Chemistry 1.5 Studying This Textbook Summary Progress ChartTwo. Matter, Energy, and Measurement 2.1 Matter 2.2 Measurement and the Metric System 2.3 Exponential Notation 2.4 Mass 2.5 Length 2.6 Volume 2.7 Energy 2.8 Significant Figures 2.9 Rounding-of Numbers 2.10 Calculations Using Exponential Notation 2.11 Estimating Calculations Summary Exercises Progress ChartThree. Problem Solving and Measurement Applied 3.1 Problem Solving 3.2 Conversion Factor Method 3.3 Metric Conversions 3.4 Multiple Conversions 3.5 Metric—English Conversions 3.6 Temperature Conversion 3.7 Heat 3.8 Density Summary Exercises Progress ChartFour. The Atom 4.1 Atoms 4.2 Charges of Subatomic Particles 4.3 Masses of Subatomic Particles, and the Amu 4.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number 4.5 Elements 4.6 Isotopes and Atomic Weight 4.7 Simplified Atomic Diagrams 4.8 Quantum Theory 4.9 Atomic Orbitals 4.10 Electron Configuration 4.11 Electron Transitions and Radiation A Brief History of The Modern Atom Summary Exercises Progress ChartFive. The Periodic Table 5.1 Periodic Law 5.2 Periods 5.3 Groups 5.4 Metals and Nonmetals 5.5 Periodic Properties 5.6 Periodic Trends in Metals and Nonmetals 5.7 Other Periodic Tables 5.8 Brief Survey of the Elements Summary Exercises Progress ChartSix. Chemical Bonding 6.1 The Chemical Bond 6.2 Covalent Bond Formation 6.3 Molecules 6.4 Electronegativity 6.5 Polar Covalent Bonding 6.6 Combining Capacity 6.7 Drawing Lewis Structures 6.8 Ions 6.9 Ionic Bonding 6.10 Polyatomic Ions 6.11 Overview of Bonding Summary Exercises Progress ChartSeven. Writing Names and Formulas of Compounds 7.1 Covalent Compounds 7.2 Ionic Compounds 7.3 Compounds with Polyatomic Ions 7.4 Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds 7.5 Naming Acids 7.6 Brief Survey of Chemical Compounds Summary Exercises Progress ChartEight. Chemical Formulas and the Mole 8.1 Formula Or Molecular Weight of Compounds 8.2 The Mole 8.3 Converting Moles to Grams 8.4 Converting Grams to Moles 8.5 Conversions Based On Avogadro's Number 8.6 Percentage Composition 8.7 Determining Chemical Formulas Summary Exercises Progress ChartNine. Chemical Reactions 9.1 Chemical and Physical Change 9.2 Chemical Equations 9.3 Conservation of Mass 9.4 Balancing Chemical Equations 9.5 Interpreting Balanced Equations 9.6 Types of Chemical Reactions 9.7 Writing Chemical Equations 9.8 Energy Changes in Reactions 9.9 Sources and Uses of Energy 9.10 Important Industrial Reactions Summary Exercises Progress ChartTen. Calculations Based On Equations 10.1 Stoichiometry 10.2 Mole—Mole Problems 10.3 Mole—Mass Problems 10.4 Mass—Mass Problems 10.5 Problems Involving Avogadro's Number 10.6 Limiting Reagent Problems 10.7 Percent Yield Summary Exercises Progress ChartEleven. Gases 11.1 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 11.2 Pressure 11.3 Pressure and Volume 11.4 Pressure and Temperature 11.5 Volume and Temperature 11.6 Combined Gas Law 11.7 Relating Moles to Volume 11.8 Stoichiometry Involving Gases 11.9 Ideal Gas Law 11.10 Air and Partial Pressure 11.11 Air Pollution Summary Exercises Progress ChartTwelve. Water: The Properties of A Liquid 12.1 Kinetic Theory of Liquids and Solids 12.2 Structure of Water 12.3 Density of Water and Specific Gravity 12.4 Vaporization 12.5 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 12.6 Changes of State 12.7 Cohesion and Adhesion 12.8 Water of Hydration 12.9 Water Pollution 12.10 Water Treatment 12.11 Hard Water Summary Exercises Progress ChartThirteen. Solutions 13.1 Types of Solutions 13.2 Process of Dissolving 13.3 Solubility 13.4 Saturation 13.5 Solubilities of Liquids and Gases 13.6 Solvents 13.7 Percentage Concentration of Solutions 13.8 Concentration Expressed in Moles 13.9 Dilution of Solutions 13.10 Reactions in Solution: Ionic Equations 13.11 Colligative Properties of Solutions 13.12 Colloids and Suspensions Summary Exercises Progress ChartFourteen. Acids, Bases, and Salts 14.1 Acids 14.2 Properties and Preparation of Acids 14.3 Bases and their Relation to Acids 14.4 Properties of Bases 14.5 Ph of Acids and Bases 14.6 Neutralization and Salts 14.7 Titration 14.8 Hydrolysis 14.9 Buffers Summary Exercises Progress ChartFifteen. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Electrochemistry 15.1 Oxidation Numbers 15.2 Oxidation and Reduction 15.3 Balancing Redox Equations byOxidation Numbers 15.4 Balancing by Half-Reactions 15.5 Galvanic Cells 15.6 Reduction Potentials 15.7 Electrolytic Cells Summary Exercises Progress ChartSixteen. Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium Part A Chemical Kinetics 16.1 Reaction Rate 16.2 Activation Energy 16.3 Reaction Mechanism 16.4 Catalysis Part B Chemical Equilibrium 16.5 Introduction to Chemical Equilibrium 16.6 Le Chatelier's Principle 16.7 Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions 16.8 Examples of Ionic Equilibrium 16.9 Equilibrium Calculations 16.10 Calculations Involving Acid and Base Equilibrium 16.11 Calculations Involving Solubility Equilibrium Summary Exercises Progress ChartSeventeen. Nuclear Chemistry 17.1 Radioactivity 17.2 Nuclear Reactions 17.3 Natural Radioactivity 17.4 Artificial Radioactivity 17.5 Matter and Energy 17.6 Nuclear Binding Energy 17.7 Fission and Fusion 17.8 Half-Life 17.9 Radiation Detection and Units of Radiation 17.10 Applications of Radiation 17.11 Effects of Radiation On Human Health Summary Exercises Progress Chart Eighteen. Organic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Part A Organic Chemistry 18.1 Carbon Atom 18.2 Methane 18.3 Alkanes 18.4 Alkyl Groups 18.5 Isomers 18.6 Alkenes and Alkynes 18.7 Cyclic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons 18.8 Oxygen-Containing Organic Compounds 18.9 Other Organic Derivatives and Polymers Summary Exercises Progress Chart Part B Biological Chemistry 18.10 Carbohydrates 18.11 Lipids 18.12 Proteins and Enzymes 18.13 Metabolism 18.14 Nucleic Acids and Heredity Summary Exercises Progress ChartAppendix A: Overcoming Fear of Science and MathAppendix B: Arithmetic Review B.1 Basic Operations With Signed Numbers B.2 Fractions B.3 Decimals and Percent ExercisesAppendix C: Algebra Review C.1 Solving Equations C.2 Proportions C.3 Formulas C.4 Graphs ExercisesAppendix D: Using A CalculatorAppendix E: SI UnitsAppendix F: Solubility TableAppendix G: Table of LogarithmsAppendix H: Using A Log Table For ph Conversions ExercisesAppendix I: GlossaryAppendix J: Numerical Answers to Exercises by TopicAppendix K: Numerical Answers to Review ExercisesIndex