Atlas of Material Damage

1 Introduction

2 Material composition, structure, and morphological features

2.1.1 Materials having predominantly homogeneous structure and composition

2.1.2 Heterogeneous materials

2.1.3 Crystalline forms and amorphous regions

2.1.4 Materials containing insoluble additives (e.g., fillers)

2.1.5 Materials containing immiscible phases (e.g., polymer alloys and blends)

2.1.6 Composites

2.1.7 Multi-component layered materials (laminates, coextruded materials, film sandwiches,

coated fabrics)

2.1.8 Material combinations obtained by jointing (joints, fasteners, inclusions)

2.1.9 Foams, porosity

2.1.10 Compressed solids (tablets, sintered materials)

2.1.11 Material surface versus bulk

3 Effect of processing on material structure

3.1 Temperature

3.2 Pressure

3.3 Time

3.4 Viscosity

3.5 Flow rate (shear rate)

3.6 Deformation

3.7 Orientation

3.8 Process related defects

4 Scale of damage – basic concept

4.1 Atomic (breaking interatomic bonds)

4.2 Microscale (micro-imperfections and their effect on damage initiation and growth)

4.3 Macroscale (material property determination, testing and control)

5 Microscopic mechanisms of damage caused by different degradants

5.1 Bulk (mechanical forces)

5.1.1 Elastic-brittle fracture

5.1.2 Elastic-plastic deformation

5.1.3 Time-related damage

5.1.3.1 Fatigue (fretting)

5.1.3.2 Creep

5.1.3.3 Creep-fatigue

5.1.3.4 Thermo-creep

5.1.4 Impact damage

5.1.5 Shear fracture

5.1.6 Compression set

5.1.7 Bending forces

5.1.8 Anisotropic damage

5.2 Electric forces

5.2.1 Tracking

5.2.2 Arcing

5.2.3 Cell deformation

5.2.4 Flooding and drying out (batteries)

5.2.5 Pin-holes

5.2.6 Cracks

5.2.7 Delamination

5.2.8 Surface impurity

5.2.9 Humidity

5.2.10 Temperature

5.3 Surface-initiated damage

5.3.1 Physical forces

5.3.1.1 Thermal treatment

5.3.1.1.1 Process heat

5.3.1.1.2 Conditions of performance

5.3.1.1.3 Infrared

5.3.1.1.4 Frictional heat

5.3.1.1.5 Low temperature effects

5.3.1.1.6 Thermal stresses

5.3.1.2 High energy radiation

5.3.1.2.1 Ionizing radiation (alpha, beta rays)

5.3.1.2.2 Gamma rays

5.3.1.2.3 Laser beams

5.3.1.2.4 Cosmic rays

5.3.1.2.5 Plasma

5.3.1.3 Weathering

5.3.1.4 Elution

5.3.2 Mechanical action

5.3.2.1 Frictional wear, gouging, scratching

5.3.2.2 Impact wear

5.3.2.3 Adhesive failure, sliding

5.3.3 Chemical reactions

5.3.3.1 Oxidation

5.3.3.2 Ozone

5.3.3.3 Sulfur dioxide

5.3.3.4 Hydrogen embrittlement

5.3.3.5 Particulate matter

5.3.3.6 Other gaseous corroding substances

5.3.3.7 Solvent crazing

5.4 Biological forces of damage (example of joint action of chemical and biological mechanisms)

5.4.1 Biodegradation and biodeterioration of materials in conditions of their performance and

disposal

5.4.2 Effect of body fluids on performance and bioabsorption of polymeric materials in medical

applications

5.4.3 Effect of environment on performance of controlled–release substances in pharmaceutical

applications

5.5 Corrosion (example of joint action of physical and chemical degradants)

5.5.1 Conductive polymers

5.6 Loss of adhesion (example of joint action of mechanical, physical, and chemical forces)

5.7 Further examples of action of combination of degradants

6 Testing in damage assessment and prevention

7 Data on damage of different groups of products