Atlas of Material Damage

1 Introduction

2 Material composition, structure, and morphological features

2.1.1 Materials having predominantly homogeneous structure and composition

2.1.2 Heterogeneous materials

2.1.3 Crystalline forms and amorphous regions

2.1.4 Materials containing insoluble additives (e.g., fillers)

2.1.5 Materials containing immiscible phases (e.g., polymer alloys and blends)

2.1.6 Composites

2.1.7 Multi-component layered materials (laminates, coextruded materials, film sandwiches,

coated fabrics)

2.1.8 Material combinations obtained by jointing (joints, fasteners, inclusions)

2.1.9 Foams, porosity

2.1.10 Compressed solids (tablets, sintered materials)

2.1.11 Material surface versus bulk

3 Effect of processing on material structure

3.1 Temperature

3.2 Pressure

3.3 Time

3.4 Viscosity

3.5 Flow rate (shear rate)

3.6 Deformation

3.7 Orientation

3.8 Process related defects

4 Scale of damage – basic concept

4.1 Atomic (breaking interatomic bonds)

4.2 Microscale (micro-imperfections and their effect on damage initiation and growth)

4.3 Macroscale (material property determination, testing and control)

5 Microscopic mechanisms of damage caused by different degradants

5.1 Bulk (mechanical forces)

5.1.1 Elastic-brittle fracture

5.1.2 Elastic-plastic deformation

5.1.3 Time-related damage

5.1.3.1 Fatigue (fretting)

5.1.3.2 Creep

5.1.3.3 Creep-fatigue

5.1.3.4 Thermo-creep

5.1.4 Impact damage

5.1.5 Shear fracture

5.1.6 Compression set

5.1.7 Bending forces

5.1.8 Anisotropic damage

5.2 Electric forces

5.2.1 Tracking

5.2.2 Arcing

5.2.3 Cell deformation

5.2.4 Flooding and drying out (batteries)

5.2.5 Pin-holes

5.2.6 Cr