Aspirin and the Salicylates

Aspirin and the Salicylates focuses principally on aspirin. Topics ranging from analytical chemistry and pediatric medicine, taxonomy and cartels, enzymology and toxicity, to renal functions and rheumatology are also included in this compilation. This book emphasizes that salicylates are polycompetent drugs that influence a large number and variety of biological processes. Their multifactorial actions, in relation to the known therapeutic and toxic effects are clearly described. This text likewise provides a refreshing multidisciplinary approach to aspirins that cover the whole extent from chemical to clinical aspects. This publication is a good reference for clinicians, pharmacists, and students intending to acquire general knowledge of the aspirin and salicylates.

Abbreviations and Nomenclature

1 History and Development of the Salicylates

Early Use of Salicylate-Containing Plants

Hippocratic Era

Roman and Greek Medicine

Asia and America

European Middle Ages

Nineteenth Century

Chemical Developments

Isolation and Purification of Salicylic Acid

Synthesis and Commercial Development of Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)

Other Salicylates

2 Occurrence, Properties and Synthetic Developments of the Salicylates

Naturally Occurring Salicylates

Commercial Synthesis And Properties of The Salicylates

Salicylic and Acetylsalicylic Acids, Their Salts and Esters

Salicylamide

Salicylate Derivatives

Experimental Drugs

3 Methylsalicylic Acid

Aspirin Anhydride

Dihydroxy- and Diacetoxybenzoic Acids

Salicylazosulphapyridine (Sulphasalazine) and 5-Aminosalicyclic Acids

Ester Pro-Drugs

Other Sahcylate Derivatives

Conclusions

3 Absorption, Metabolism and Disposition of the Salicylates

Introduction

Absorption, Metabolism and Distribution

Aspirin, Salicylate and Their Esters

Analytical Methods

Colorimetric and Spectrophotometric Procedures

Spectrofluorimetry

Thin-Layer Chromatography

Gas-Liquid Chromatography

High Pressure (Performance) Liquid Chromatography

Determination of Glucuronides and Sulphate Metabolites

4 Pharmacological and Biochemical Actions of the Salicylates

Introduction

Anti-Inflammatory Effects

Studies in Animal Models

Acute Inflammatory Models

Actions of Salicylates in Acute Inflammatory Models

Chronic Adjuvant Polyarthritis (Rats)

Comparative Effects of Salicylates and Other NSAI Drugs in Adjuvant Arthritis

Biochemical and Cellular Responses of Salicylates in Adjuvant Disease

Actions of Salicylates in Other Chronic Models of Inflammation

Biochemical Effects of Salicylates in Relation to Their Anti-Inflammatory Actions

Analgesic Activity

Introduction

Anti-Pyresis

5 Side-Effects and Toxicology of the Salicylates

Introduction

Gastrointestinal Side-Effects

Historical

Aspirin as a Major Cause of Bleeding and Ulceration

Gastrointestinal Side-Effects from Salicylates in Arthritic Patients

Assessment of Gastrointestinal Damage in Man

Site and Pathology of Lesions

Studies in Laboratory Animals

Mechanisms of Gastric Mucosal Damage by Salicylates

Summary

Nephropathy

Analgesic Abuse Syndrome

Studies in Arthritic Patients

Pathology

Biochemical Effects of Salicylates

Hepatotoxicity

Clinical Evidence

Pathology and Biochemical Changes

Hypersensitivity Reactions and Asthma

Aspirin-Sensitive Asthma

Urticaria and Angioedema

Teratogenesis and Pregnancy

Miscellaneous Side-Effects

Acute Salicylate Poisoning

Toxic Manifestations

Conclusions

6 Therapeutic Uses of the Salicylates

Introduction

Arthritic Conditions

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Osteoarthritis (Osteoarthrosis)

Miscellaneous

Drug Monitoring

Interactions with Other Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Analgesia

Assessment of Pain

Assessment of Pain

Acute Surgery

Postpartum and Episiotomy

Dysmenorrhoea

Cancer

Anti-Pyresis

Thromboembolic Conditions

Perturbed Metabolic States

Diabetes Melhtus

Thyroiditis and Thyrotoxicosis

Bartter's Syndrome

Obesity

Cystic Fibrosis

Other Possible Uses

Dermatological Conditions

Diarrhea

Ductus Arteriosus

Sickle-Cell Anemia

Thrombocytic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Anti-Tumor Activity

Prevention of Allograft Rejection

Anti-Viral and Anti-Parasitic Activities

Multiple Sclerosis

Miscellaneous