Arthropod Vector: Controller of Disease Transmission, Volume 2

Chapter 1. Network of Cells and Mediators of Innate and Adaptive Cutaneous Immunity: Challenges for an Arthropod Vector

• The Cutaneous Immune System
• Skin-Resident Immune Components
• Recruitment of Inflammatory Cells to the Skin
• The Skin Microbiome Aids Antipathogen Immunity
• Outlook: How Vector and Pathogen Modulate Skin Immunity

Chapter 2. Vector Arthropods and Host Pain and Itch Responses

• Introduction
• Mechanisms of Itch and Pain
• Histamine
• Serotonin
• Protease Activated Receptors
• Toll-Like Receptors
• TRPV and TRPA
• Endothelin 1
• Interleukin-31 and Interleukin-13
• Tumor Necrosis Factor
• Mas-Related G Protein Coupled Receptors
• Vector Arthropod Stimulation and Modulation of Host Itch and Pain Responses
• Blood Feeding
• Host Responses to Arthropod Bites
• Arthropods and Itch Mediators
• Arthropods: Histamine and Serotonin
• Arthropods: Proteases
• Arthropods: Additional Itch and Pain Receptors
• Impact of Itch and Pain on Vector Feeding and Pathogen Transmission
• What Are the Next Steps?

Chapter 3. Arthropod Modulation of Wound Healing

• Introduction
• Vector Arthropod Feeding
• Wound Healing: Cells, Molecules, Mechanisms, and Phases
• Hemostasis: First Phase of Wound Healing
• Inflammation: Second Phase of Wound Healing
• Proliferation: Third Phase of Wound Healing
• Tissue Remodeling: Fourth Phase of Wound Healing
• Vector Arthropod Modulation of Wound Healing
• First Phase: Hemostasis and Vectors
• Second Phase: Inflammation and Vectors
• Third Phase: Proliferation and Vectors
• Fourth Phase: Remodeling and Vectors
• Concluding Statement

Chapter 4. Salivary Kratagonists: Scavengers of Host Physiological Effectors During Blood Feeding

• Introduction
• Modes of Kratagonist Identification
• Diversity of Kratagonist Structure and Function
• Biogenic Amine–Binding Lipocalins
• Eicosanoid-Binding Lipocalins
• Odorant-Binding Protein Relatives
• “Yellow” Proteins From Sand Flies
• CAP Domain Proteins From Tabanid Flies
• Salivary Kratagonists of Macromolecular Effectors
• Conclusions

Chapter 5. Basic and Translational Research on Sand Fly Saliva: Pharmacology, Biomarkers, and Vaccines

• Background
• Pharmacological Activities of Sand Fly Saliva
• Immunomodulation of Immune Cells by Sand Fly Saliva
• Sand Fly Salivary Recombinant Proteins as Markers of Vector Exposure
• Sand Fly Saliva as a Vaccine Against Leishmaniasis
• Translational Aspects of Sand Fly Saliva
• Evolution of Sand Fly Salivary Proteins
• Translational Opportunities and Future Directions

Chapter 6. Unique Features of Vector-Transmitted Leishmaniasis and Their Relevance to Disease Transmission and Control

• Overview
• Life Cycle of Leishmania in the Sand Fly Vector
• The Usual Suspects: Components of the Infectious Inoculum
• The Site of Bite
• Behavioral Matters
• Current Status of Leishmaniasis Control
• A Bright Future Awaits
• Concluding Remarks

Chapter 7. Early Immunological Responses Upon Tsetse Fly–Mediated Trypanosome Inoculation

• Introduction: The Tsetse Fly-Trypanosome–Host Interphase
• The Metacyclic Trypanosome Stages: Characteristics and Infectivity
• The Tsetse Fly Vector: Implications of Saliva as a Vehicle
• Histological and Ultrastructural Changes in Skin Following an Infective Tsetse Fly Bite
• Parasite Escape From Early Immune Elimination
• Future Directions

Chapter 8. Mosquito Modulation of Arbovirus–Host Interactions

• Introduction
• Saliva of Hematophagous Arthropods
• Arthropod Saliva and the Vertebrate Host
• Arthropods and Arboviruses
• Conclusions

Chapter 9. Tick Saliva: A Modulator of Host Defenses

• Introduction
• Skin, Ticks, and Tick Saliva
• Skin Immune Network
• Ticks: Inflammation and Innate Immunity
• Ticks and Keratinocytes
• Ticks and Dendritic Cells
• Ticks and Monocytes/Macrophages
• Ticks and Endothelial Cells
• Ticks and Neutrophils
• Ticks, Type I Interferons and Natural Killer Cells
• Ticks and Mast Cells
• Ticks and Basophils
• Ticks and Complement
• A Model: Ticks Modulate Inflammation and Innate Immunity
• Ticks and Adaptive Immunity
• Concluding Remarks

Chapter 10. Tick Saliva and Microbial Effector Molecules: Two Sides of the Same Coin

• Introduction
• Nod-like Receptor Signaling
• Tick saliva
• Immune Subversion Mediated by Microbial Effectors
• Outlook

Chapter 11. Tsetse Fly Saliva Proteins as Biomarkers of Vector Exposure

• The Tsetse Fly as Vector of African Trypanosomes; African Trypanosomiasis and Vector Control
• The Glossina Sialome: Characteristics and Diversity of Salivary Components
• Host Antibodies Against Tsetse Saliva Proteins
• Tools to Detect Antisaliva Antibodies in the Mammalian Host Serum: Qualitative and Semiquantitative Determination of Bite Exposure

Chapter 12. Epidemiological Applications of Assessing Mosquito Exposure in a Malaria-Endemic Area

• Introduction
• Development of Biomarker of Human Exposure to Anopheles Vector Bites
• Applications of Biomarker of Human Exposure in Epidemiological Contexts
• Toward the Development of an Anopheles Dipstick
• Conclusion

Chapter 13. Ixodes Tick Saliva: A Potent Controller at the Skin Interface of Early Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Transmission

• Introduction
• Ixodes Hard Tick
• Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato
• The Vertebrate Host: The Skin, a Key Interface
• Applications for Disease Understanding and Control
• Current Advances and Future Directions

Chapter 14. Translation of Saliva Proteins Into Tools to Prevent Vector-Borne Disease Transmission

• Introduction
• Evolution of Hematophagy
• Strategies of Vertebrate Host Hemostasis
• Strategies of the Arthropod to Impair Host Hemostasis
• Host Immune Responses to Arthropod Attachment and Feeding
• Strategies of the Arthropod to Impair Host Inflammation
• Saliva-Assisted Pathogen Transmission
• Strategies for Identification of Salivary Vaccine Targets to Block Pathogen Transmission
• Development of Salivary Protein-Based Vaccines—Limitations
• Conclusion

Chapter 15. Considerations for the Translation of Vector Biology Research

• The Pipeline
• Product Development Plan
• The Regulatory Process
• To Translate or Not: That Is the Question
• Determining the Public Health Impact of a Product