Appraisal of Metal(loids) in the Ecosystem

1st Edition - August 16, 2022
Editors: Vinod Kumar, Anket Sharma, Raj Setia
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 5 6 2 1 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 8 5 5 0 - 8

Heavy metal pollution is a serious threat to living organisms. Industrial development has aggravated multifaceted problems in the environment requiring a comprehensive solution. Ap… Read more

Appraisal of Metal(loids) in the Ecosystem

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Heavy metal pollution is a serious threat to living organisms. Industrial development has aggravated multifaceted problems in the environment requiring a comprehensive solution. Appraisal of Metal(loids) in the Ecosystem addresses this need and provides a basic introduction of different heavy metals. Presented in a consistent and comprehensive manner, each chapter highlights the background level, occurrence, speciation, bioavailability, uptake detoxification mechanisms, and management of each metal in polluted soils. It provides the latest up-to-date information about different aspects of As, Hg, Si, Cu, Co, Ni, Mn, Cd, Cr, etc. in single source. This book provides scientists and researchers with the most current source of information on the topic. Written by a global and diverse group of experts, Appraisal of Metal(loids) in the Ecosystem also covers the many field applications associated with phytoremediation and extraction and provides guidance on decision making when selecting advanced techniques.

Cover Image
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Table of Contents
Contributors
1 Overview of phytoremediation techniques for the assessment of metal(loid)s
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Phytoremediation
1.3 Mechanisms of phytoremediation
1.4 Selection of plant species for phytoremediation
1.5 Metallophytes
1.6 Advantages of phytoremediation
1.7 Limitation of phytoremediation
1.8 Future prospects and conclusions
References
2 Background level, occurrence, speciation, bioavailability, uptake detoxification mechanisms and management of Si-polluted soils
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Background level of silicon
2.3 Occurrence of silicon
2.4 Speciation of silicon
2.5 Bioavailability of silicon
2.6 Uptake mechanisms of silicon
2.7 Detoxification mechanisms and management of heavy metal-polluted soils by silicon
2.8 Conclusion
Author contributions
Conflicts of interest
Acknowledgments
References
3 Background level, occurrence, speciation, bioavailability, uptake, detoxification mechanisms and management of Cr-polluted soils
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Background level of chromium in environment
3.3 Speciation and bioavailability/uptake of Cr in soil
3.4 Uptake of chromium
3.5 Detoxification mechanisms and management of Cr-polluted soils
References
4 Background level, occurrence, speciation, bioavailability, uptake detoxification mechanisms and management of Mn-polluted soil
4.1 Introduction and background
4.2 Occurrence of Mn in the environment
4.3 Speciation and bioavailability
4.4 Management of Mn-polluted soil and detoxification mechanisms
4.5 Mechanisms of Mn detoxification as suggested by different workers
4.6 Conclusion and future prospects
References
5 Cobalt in soils: sources, fate, bioavailability, plant uptake, remediation, and management
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Occurrence and background concentrations of Co in soils
5.3 Cobalt sources in soils
5.4 Cobalt speciation in soils
5.5 Cobalt bioavailability
5.6 Plant uptake of cobalt
5.7 Remediation and management of Co-contaminated soils
5.8 Conclusion
References
6 Physiological role, toxicity, hyperaccumulation, and tolerance of nickel in plants
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Uptake, transport, and distribution
6.3 Essential physiological role
6.4 Toxicity of nickel in plants
6.5 Hyperaccumulators and management of Ni polluted soil
6.6 Mechanism of tolerance
6.7 Conclusion
References
7 Background level, occurrence, speciation, bioavailability, and phyto-management of Cu-polluted soils
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Copper in the ecosystem
7.3 Bioavailability and speciation of Cu in soil
7.4 Impact of speciation on copper bioavailability
7.5 Impact of soil chemical properties on copper bioavailability
7.6 Effect of soil pH on Cu bioavailability and speciation in soil
7.7 Effect of microorganisms on Cu bioavailability and speciation in soil
7.8 Copper in food plants in relation to soil–plant–human transfer
7.9 Threshold intake limits of copper
7.10 Management of copper deficient/contaminated soils
7.11 Conclusions
References
8 Background level, occurrence, speciation, bioavailability, uptake detoxification mechanisms and management of Zn-polluted soils
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Zinc occurrence in the environment
8.3 Bioavailability and speciation of Zn in soil
8.4 Soil–plant transfer of zinc
8.5 Toxic effects of zinc on plant
8.6 Toxic impacts of zinc on soil functions
8.7 Toxic effects of zinc on soil microbiome
8.8 Uptake and detoxification mechanisms in plant
8.9 Management of Zn-polluted soils
8.10 Conclusion
References
9 Background level, occurrence, speciation, bioavailability, uptake, detoxification mechanisms and management of arsenic polluted soil
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Occurrence of arsenic in the environment
9.3 Background level of arsenic
9.4 Arsenic speciation and bioavailability
9.5 Bioavailability of arsenic for plants
9.6 Arsenic uptake and transport in plants
9.7 Arsenate uptake
9.8 Arsenite uptake
9.9 Plasma membrane intrinsic protein
9.10 NOD26-(NIPs) in arsenic transport
9.11 Detoxification
9.12 Management of As polluted soil
9.13 Remedial strategies
9.14 Phytoremediation
9.15 Agronomic management
9.16 Conclusion and future prospects
Refrences
10 Background level, occurrence, speciation, bioavailability, uptake, detoxification mechanisms and management of Se-polluted soil
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Background level and occurrence
10.3 Speciation
10.4 Bioavailability and uptake
10.5 Detoxification mechanisms and management of Se-polluted soil
10.6 Conclusion and future prospects
References
11 Cd in the environment: uptake, toxicity and management
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Background level and occurrence
11.3 Cd speciation and bioavailability
11.4 Cd uptake, transport, and toxicity in plants
11.5 Detoxification mechanisms and management of Cd-polluted soils
11.6 Conclusions
References
12 Background level, occurrence, speciation, bioavailability, and management of Hg-contaminated soils
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Main sources of Hg in the soil environment
12.3 Conclusion
References
13 Microbial responses to immobilization of potentially toxic elements in soils
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Source and reactions of potentially toxic elements in soils
13.3 Soil amendments to immobilize potentially toxic elements in soils
13.4 Effect of potentially toxic elements on soil microbial activity
13.5 Effect of immobilization of potentially toxic elements on soil microbial activity
13.6 Conclusions
References
14 Lead in soils: sources, bioavailability, plant uptake, and remediation
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Sources and background concentrations of Pb in soils
14.3 Pb speciation and partitioning in soils
14.4 Pb bioavailability
14.5 Plant uptake of Pb
14.6 Remediation of Pb-contaminated soils
14.7 Bioremediation
14.8 Conclusions
References
15 Effect of heavy metals on insects
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Economic importance of insects
15.3 Sources of heavy metals to insects
15.4 Effect of heavy metals on major agro-economic pests
15.5 Effect of heavy metals on aquatic insects
15.6 Effect of heavy metals on pollinating insects
15.7 Physiological changes induced in insects
15.8 Counter-strategies shown by insects to cope with heavy metals
15.9 Insects as indicators of heavy metal pollution
15.10 Conclusion
References
Index

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Vinod Kumar

Anket Sharma

Raj Setia