Aluminum-Lithium Alloys

Foreword

Preface

About the Editors

A Note of Gratitude from the Editors

List of Contributors

Part I: Introduction to Al–Li Alloys

Chapter 1. Historical Development and Present Status of Aluminum–Lithium Alloys

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Lithium Additions to Aluminum Alloys: Early Days

1.3 Development of Modern Aluminum–Lithium Alloys

1.4 Closure

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2. Aerostructural Design and Its Application to Aluminum–Lithium Alloys

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Aircraft Structural Property Requirements

2.3 Engineering Property Requirements for Al–Li Alloys in Aircraft Structures

2.4 Families of Al–Li Alloys

2.5 Examples of Third-Generation Alloy Property Developments and Trade-Offs

2.6 Service Qualification Programs

2.7 Summary and Conclusions

References

Part II: Physical Metallurgy

Chapter 3. Phase Diagrams and Phase Reactions in Al–Li Alloys

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Nature of Phases

3.3 Al–Li Binary System

3.4 Ternary Systems

3.5 Quaternary Al–Li–Cu–Mg System

3.6 Minor Alloying Additions to Al–Li Alloys

3.7 Impurities and Grain Boundary Precipitation

3.8 Chapter Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4. Microstructure and Precipitate Characteristics of Aluminum–Lithium Alloys

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Microstructures in the Solution-Treated Condition

4.3 Age Hardening Behavior

4.4 Characteristics of Precipitates

4.5 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5. Texture and Its Effects on Properties in Aluminum–Lithium Alloys

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Texture in Al–Li Alloys

5.3 Texture Evolution During Primary Processing

5.4 Macroscopic Anisotropy of Yield Strength

5.5 Practical Methods to Reduce Texture in Al–Li Alloys

5.6 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Part III: Processing Technologies

Chapter 6. Melting and Casting of Aluminum–Lithium Alloys

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Melt Protection from the Atmosphere

6.3 Crucible Materials

6.4 Hydrogen Pickup and Melt Degassing

6.5 Grain Refinement

6.6 Casting Practices

6.7 Summary

References

Chapter 7. Mechanical Working of Aluminum–Lithium Alloys

7.1 Introduction

Part 1: Workability

Part 2: Processing of Al–Li Alloys

References

Chapter 8. Superplasticity in and Superplastic Forming of Aluminum–Lithium Alloys

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Superplasticity

8.3 Superplastic Forming

8.4 Role of Friction Stir Processing on Superplastic Forming

8.5 Applications

8.6 Concluding Remarks

References

Further Reading

Chapter 9. Welding Aspects of Aluminum–Lithium Alloys

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Weld Metal Porosity

9.3 Solidification Cracking

9.4 Liquation Cracking

9.5 EQZ Formation and Associated Fusion Boundary Cracking

9.6 Modification of Fusion Zone Microstructures

9.7 Mechanical Properties

9.8 Corrosion

9.9 Solid-State Welding Processes

9.10 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Part IV: Mechanical Behavior

Chapter 10. Quasi-Static Strength, Deformation, and Fracture Behavior of Aluminum–Lithium Alloys

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Mechanisms of Strengthening

10.3 Ductility and Fracture Toughness

10.4 Anisotropy of Mechanical Properties

10.5 Tensile Properties of Selected Aluminum–Lithium Alloys

10.6 Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11. Fatigue Behavior of Aluminum–Lithium Alloys

11.1 Introduction

11.2 The Phenomenon of Fatigue

Part A: Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF)

Part B: High Cycle Fatigue (HCF)

References

Chapter 12. Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Aluminum–Lithium Alloys

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Background on Test Methods and Analysis

12.3 Survey of FCG of Al–Li Alloys

12.4 FCG Comparisons of Al–Li and Conventional Alloys I: Long/Large Cracks, CA/CR Loading

12.5 FCG Comparisons of Al–Li and Conventional Alloys II: Long/Large Cracks, Flight Simulation Loading

12.6 FCG Comparisons of Al–Li and Conventional Alloys III: Short/Small Cracks

12.7 Differing FCG Behaviors and Advantages for Second- and Third-Generation Al–Li Alloys

12.8 Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 13. Fracture Toughness and Fracture Modes of Aerospace Aluminum–Lithium Alloys

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Test Methods for Determining Fracture Toughness (and Terminology)

13.3 Effects of Microstructural Features on Fracture Toughness and Fracture Modes

13.4 Fracture Toughness of Second-Generation Al–Li Alloys Versus Conventional Al Alloys

13.5 Fracture Toughness of Third-Generation Al–Li Alloys

13.6 Uses and Potential Uses of Third-Generation Al–Li Alloys

13.7 Conclusions

References General references for second-generation Al–Li alloys

Specific references

Other references

Chapter 14. Corrosion and Stress Corrosion of Aluminum–Lithium Alloys

14.1 Introduction and Historical Background

14.2 Localized Corrosion of Al–Li Based Alloys

14.3 Stress Corrosion Cracking

14.4 Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Part V: Applications

Chapter 15. Aerospace Applications of Aluminum–Lithium Alloys

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Weight Savings

15.3 Materials Selection

15.4 Applications of Al–Li Alloys (Third Generation)

15.5 Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 16. Airworthiness Certification of Metallic Materials

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Aviation and Airworthiness Regulatory Bodies

16.3 Airworthiness of Metallic Materials

16.4 Example of Certification of an Al–Li Alloy

16.5 Summary

References General References

Specific References

Appendix 1. Interconversion of Weight and Atomic Percentages of Lithium and Aluminum in Aluminum–Lithium Alloys

Selected Conversion Factors For SI Units

Index

Bibliography