Air Pollution: Physiological Effects

1st Edition - January 28, 1982
Author: James Mcgrath
Language: English
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 1 3 8 5 0 - 5

Air Pollution—Physiological Effects focuses on the physiological effects of air pollution and reviews research findings concerning physiological responses to air pollutants such as… Read more

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Air Pollution—Physiological Effects focuses on the physiological effects of air pollution and reviews research findings concerning physiological responses to air pollutants such as oxidant gases, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and particulates. Topics range from cellular cytotoxicity and lung infections to carbon monoxide toxicity, deposition of aerosols to the respiratory airway, physiological effects of cotton dusts and lead dusts, and workers' exposure to dust at high altitude. This book is organized in three sections and is comprised of 11 chapters. The discussion begins with an overview of cellular cytotoxicity and the biochemical basis of oxidative cell killing. The reader is methodically introduced to the effects of minute concentrations of pollutants on animal respiratory defenses, air pollution by sulfur products, and mechanisms of carbon monoxide toxicity. Consideration is also given to alterations in airway mechanics that occur with exposures to ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, as well as the mechanisms that might be responsible for these changes in breathing mechanics. The rest of the book discusses both particulate (silica, diesel, cotton, and lead dusts) pollution and the special physiological problems posed by working at high altitudes in dusty environments. This book will be useful not only to environmental health scientists but also to students and researchers in areas peripheral to environmental physiology.

Contributors Preface 1. The Biochemistry of Cytotoxicity I. Introduction II. Cellular Cytotoxicity III. Biochemical Mechanism of Cytotoxicity IV. Physiological Aspects of Peroxidase Activity V. Concluding Remarks References 2. Effects of Gases and Airborne Particles on Lung Infections I. Introduction II. The In Vivo Infectivity Model System III. Effects of Gaseous Pollutants on Host Resistance to Infection IV. Effects of Airborne Particles on Host Resistance to Respiratory Infection V. In Vivo Testing by Intratracheal Instillation VI. Mechanisms of Pollutant Action VII. Implications of the Animal Model for Human Health Effects VIII. Summary References 3 . Toxic Effects of SO2 on the Respiratory System I. Sources of SO2 II. Atmospheric Chemistry III. Present Urban Levels IV. Standards V. Health Effects of SO2 VI. Conclusion References 4. The Effect of Gaseous Pollutants on Breathing Mechanics and Airway Reactivity I. Introduction II. Measurements of Breathing Mechanics III. Airway (Bronchial) Reactivity IV. Pollutant-Induced Changes in Breathing Mechanics and Bronchial Reactivity V. The Role of Airway Damage in Pollutant-Induced Airway Responses VI. Conclusions References 5. Carbon Monoxide Toxicity I. Introduction II. O2 Transport in Blood III. Classical Theory of CO Toxicity IV. Symptoms of CO Toxicity V. Determinants of CO Uptake VI. Treatment of CO Poisoning VII. New Developments VIII. Conclusions References 6. Physiological Effects of Carbon Monoxide I. Introduction II. Direct Effects III. Cardiovascular Effects IV. CO at Altitude V. Chronic Effects References 7. Respiratory Airway Deposition of Aerosols I. Introduction II. Historical Overview III. Aerosols and Aerosol Characteristics IV. Respiratory Fluid Mechanics V. Aerosol Deposition VI. Future Research Perspective References 8. Mechanisms of Silica and Diesel Dust Injury to the Lung I. Introduction II. Hypoxia III. Sequence of Events Leading to Fibrosis IV. Mast Cells V. Alveolar Type II Cells VI. Fibroblasts VII. Lipids and Lung Injury VIII. Lung-Liver Lipogenesis in Lung Injury IX. Reaction of the Lung to Dust Particles References 9. Physiological Effects of Cotton Dusts: Byssinosis I. Introduction 24 II. Physiology III. Causative Agent Research IV. Conclusion References 10. Physiological Effects of Lead Dusts I. Introduction II. Background III. Pharmacokinetics of Lead IV. Physiological Responses to Lead of Organ Systems V. Mechanism of Action of Lead Toxicity VI. Summary and Conclusions 30 References 11. Work at High Altitude in Dusty Environments I. The Hypoxia of High Altitude II. Reduced Work Capacity III. The Oxygen Transport System IV. Long-Term Residents of High Altitude V. Dust Exposure References Index