Adsorption Processes for Water Treatment

Preface and Acknowledgments 1. Elements of Surface Chemistry Principles of Adsorption Types Entropy Changes Adsorption: Interaction Forces Dispersion Forces Potential Energy Curves Surface Tension 5 Thermodynamics of Adsorption: Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm Unimolecular Surface Films Insoluble Surface Films Expanded and Gaseous Films Surface Films of Soluble Substances Surface Layers and Gas Laws Adsorption Equilibria Generalizations Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm BET Adsorption Isotherm Henry's Law: Linear Adsorption Isotherm References2. Adsorption Models Theories Background Net Adsorption Energy Concept Correlation of NAEC to Adsorption Isotherms Polanyi Adsorption Potential Theory Solvophobic Theory Theory of Correspondence for Adsorption Applications References3. Kinetics of Adsorption Batch Systems Single Compounds Systemic Factors Affecting Rates of Adsorption: Single Compounds Diffusion-Controlled Processes Mixed Systems Fixed Beds Early Mass Transfer Models Mass Transfer Parameters Late Mass Transfer Models References 4. Batch Systems and Fixed and Fluidized Beds Batch Contact Systems Generalizations Determination of Carbon Dosage in Batch Systems Dynamic Systems (Column Adsorbers) Generalizations The Breakthrough Curve and Mass Transfer Zone Types of Adsorption Systems Fixed Bed Contactors Pulsed Bed Contactors System Configurations Mathematical Modeling for Fixed Bed Adsorbers Generalizations Fixed Bed Model Process Design of Adsorbers Generalizations Analysis of Data Major Design Approaches Application of Design Methods References 5. Physical and Chemical Properties of Carbon Preparation and/or Activation Source Materials Activation Processes General Physical Properties Overall Characteristics Surface Area Porosity Surface Functional Groups Generalizations Surface Acidity Effects on Adsorption Electrophoretic Characteristics References 6. Adsorption of Organic Compounds Nonspecific Organic Carbon Analytical Considerations Equilibrium Studies Pilot Plant Studies Pretreatment Breakthrough Organic Priority Pollutants Carbon Tetrachloride Trihalomethanes Fulvic and Humic Acids Equilibrium Studies Column Studies Phenolic Compounds Equilibrium Studies Column Studies Petrochemicals Equilibrium Studies Column Studies Organic Pesticides Equilibrium Studies Column Studies Compounds Causing Tastes and Odors Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Miscellaneous Organic Compounds Equilibrium Studies Column Studies Organics in Mixed Systems Equilibrium Studies Column Studies References 7. Removal of Inorganic Compounds Arsenic Aqueous Chemistry Removal Barium Aqueous Chemistry Removal Cadmium Aqueous Chemistry Removal Chromium Aqueous Chemistry Removal Copper Aqueous Chemistry Removal Fluoride Health Concerns Removal Lead Aqueous Chemistry Removal Mercury Aqueous Chemistry Removal Radionuclides Health Concerns Removal Selenium Aqueous Chemistry Removal Zinc Aqueous Chemistry Removal Chlorine Compounds Chlorine Chloramines Packed Bed Reactors Hydrogen Sulfide Aqueous Chemistry Removal References 8. Operational, Pilot Plant, and Case Studies Taste and Odor Removal Nitro, West Virginia Omaha, Nebraska Sulfide Odors Little Falls, New Jersey Removal of Organic Compounds Chloroform and Total Organic Carbon Haloforms and Pesticides Chlorinated Benzenes, Total Organic Carbon, and Total Organic Halogens Organic Solvents Trihalomethanes and Precursors Treatment of Groundwaters Large-Scale Systems Small-Scale Systems Pretreatment for Removal of Organic Compounds Chemical Coagulation Ozonation Aeration Chlorination Design and Economic Considerations Microbiology of Granular Activated Carbon Regeneration Processes Coagulation Backwashing Granular Activated Carbon Filters References 9. Biological Activated Carbon Treatment of Drinking Water Pretreatment: Chemical Oxidation Ozone Chlorination Performance Operating Experiences and Case Studies The Mulheim Process Mery-sur-Oise and Choisy-le-Roi, France The Dusselldorf Process Rotterdam, The Netherlands Design and Operational Considerations Preliminary Design Detailed Design Economic Considerations References 10. Adsorption by Macroreticular Resins Physical and Chemical Properties Types Physical Properties Removal of Individual Compounds Humic Substances Trihalomethanes Phenols Detergents Comparative Studies: Resins and Granular Activated Carbon Humic Substances Trihalomethanes Phenols Miscellaneous Compounds References Index