Preface
Preface to the First Edition
1 Ideal and Nonideal Gases
1-1 Introduction
1-2 Equations of State
1-3 Development of the Concept of an Ideal Gas; The Absolute Temperature Scale
1-4 The Ideal Gas Law and Related Equations
1-5 Mixtures of Ideal Gases; Partial Pressures
1-6 Partial Volumes; Amagat's Law
1-7 The Barometric Equation
1-8 Deviations from Ideality—Critical Behavior
1-9 Semiempirical Equations of State. The van der Waals Equation
1-10 The van der Waals Equation, Critical Phenomena, and the Principle of Corresponding States
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises and Problems
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
2 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
2-1 Introduction
2-2 The Boltzmann Distribution Law
2-3 The Distribution of Molecular Velocities
2-4 Average Quantities from the Distribution Laws
2-5 Some Applications of Simple Kinetic Molecular Theory, Collision Frequency on a Plane Surface and Graham's Law
2-6 A Rederivation of the Ideal Gas Law
2-7 Bimolecular Collision Frequency and Mean Free Path
2-8 Transport Phenomena; Viscosity, Diffusion, and Thermal Conductivity
2-9 Summary of Kinetic Molecular Theory Quantities
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
3 Some Additive Physical Properties of Matter
3-1 Introduction
3-2 Absorption of Light
3-3 Molar Refraction
3-4 Molar Polarization; Dipole Moments
3-5 Dipole Moments and Molecular Properties
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
4 Chemical Thermodynamics. The First Law of Thermodynamics
4-1 Introduction
4-2 The Story of a Man
4-3 Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics
4-4 Mathematical Properties of State Functions. Exact and Path-Dependent Differentials
4-5 Heat and Work for Various Processes
4-6 Enthalpy. An Alternative Form of the First Law
4-7 Applications of the First Law to Ideal Gases
4-8 Molecular Basis for Heat Capacities. The Equipartition Principle
4-9 Statistical Mechanical Treatment of First Law Quantities
4-10 Translational Partition Function for an Ideal Gas
4-11 The Rotational Partition Function
4-12 The Vibrational Partition Function
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
5 Thermochemistry
5-1 Introduction
5-2 Measurement of Heats of Reaction: Relationship between ΔE and ΔH
5-3 Some Enthalpies of Combustion, Hydrogenation, and Solution
5-4 Combining ΔH or ΔE Quantities
5-5 Enthalpies of Formation
5-6 Dependence of ΔH and ΔE on Temperature
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
6 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
6-1 Introduction
6-2 The Carnot Cycle—Heat Machines
6-3 Generalization of the Carnot Cycle—The Entropy Function
6-4 Calculations of ΔS for Various Reversible Processes
6-5 Calculation of ΔS for Various Irreversible Processes
6-6 Free Energy. Criteria for Equilibrium
6-7 Second Law Relationships
6-8 The Third Law of Thermodynamics
6-9 Statistical Mechanical Treatment of Second Law Quantities
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
7 Chemical Equilibrium
7-1 Introduction
7-2 The Thermodynamic Equilibrium Constant
7-3 The Determination of Experimental Equilibrium Constants
7-4 The Variation of KP with Temperature
7-5 Gas-Solid Equilibria
7-6 Le Châtelier's Principle
7-7 Free Energy and Entropy of Formation
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
8 Liquids and Their Simple Phase Equilibria
8-1 Introduction
8-2 The Vapor Pressure of Liquids (and Solids)
8-3 Enthalpy and Entropy of Vaporization; Trouton's Rule
8-4 Liquid-Solid and Solid-Solid Equilibria. Phase Maps
8-5 The Free Energy of a Liquid and Its Vapor
8-6 The Surface Tension of Liquids. Surface Tension as a Thermodynamic Quantity
8-7 Measurement of Surface Tension
8-8 Results of Surface Tension Measurements
8-9 The Kelvin Equation. Nucleation
8-10 Viscosity of Liquids
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
9 Solutions of Nonelectrolytes
9-1 Introduction
9-2 The Vapor Pressure of Solutions. Raoult's and Henry's Laws
9-3 The Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Systems
9-4 Ideal Gas Mixtures
9-5 Ideal and Nonideal Solutions. Activities and Activity Coefficients
9-6 The Temperature Dependence of Vapor Pressures
9-7 Boiling Point Diagrams
9-8 Partial Miscibility
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
10 Dilute Solutions of Nonelectrolytes. Colligative Properties
10-1 Vapor Pressure Lowering
10-2 Boiling Point Elevation
10-3 Freezing Point Depression
10-4 Summary of the First Three Colligative Properties
10-5 Osmotic Equilibrium
10-6 Activities and Activity Coefficients for Dilute Solutions
10-7 Other Methods of Molecular Weight Determination
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
11 Heterogeneous Equilibrium
11-1 The Gibbs Phase Rule
11-2 One-Component Systems
11-3 Two-Component Systems
11-4 Sodium Sulfate-Water and Other Systems
11-5 Three-Component Systems
11-6 Three-Component Solubility Diagrams
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
12 Solutions of Electrolytes
12-1 Introduction
12-2 Conductivity—Experimental Definitions and Procedures
12-3 Results of Conductance Measurements
12-4 Some Sample Calculations
12-5 Ionic Mobilities
12-6 Transference Numbers—Ionic Equivalent Conductivities
12-7 Activities and Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes
12-8 The Debye-Huckel Theory
12-9 Ionic Equilibria
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
13 Electrochemical Cells
13-1 Definitions and Fundamental Relationships
13-2 Experimental Procedures
13-3 Determination of ɛ0
Values and Activity Coefficients
13-4 Additivity Rules for Emf's. Standard Oxidation Potentials
13-5 Emf and Chemical Equilibria
13-6 Concentration Cells
13-7 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
13-8 Determination of pH
13-9 Irreversible Electrode Processes
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
14 Kinetics of Gas-Phase Reactions
14-1 Introduction
14-2 Rate Laws and Simple Mechanisms
14-3 Experimental Methods and Rate Law Calculations
14-4 Rate Laws and Reaction Mechanisms
14-5 Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants
14-6 Collision Theory of Gas Reactions
14-7 Unimolecular Reactions
14-8 Absolute Rate Theory. The Activated Complex
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
15 Kinetics of Reactions in Solution
15-1 Additional Comments on Rate Laws. Reversible Reactions
15-2 Experimental Methods
15-3 Kinetic-Molecular Picture of Reactions in Solution
15-4 Diffusion-Controlled Reactions
15-5 Transition-State Theory
15-6 Linear Free Energy Relationships. Reactions Involving an Acid or a Base
15-7 Ionic Reactions. Role of Activity Coefficients
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
16 Wave Mechanics
16-1 Introduction
16-2 Energy Units
16-3 Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Like Atoms
16-4 The Schrödinger Wave Equation
16-5 Some Simple Choices for the Potential Function V
16-6 The Harmonic Oscillator
16-7 Solutions of the Wave Equation for the Hydrogen Atom
16-8 The Graphical Appearance of Hydrogen-Like Orbitals
16-9 Graphical Appearance of the Electron Density around a Hydrogen-Like Atom
16-10 Hybrid Orbitals
16-11 The Variation Method. Polarizability of the Hydrogen Atom
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
17 Molecular Symmetry and Bonding
17-1 Introduction
17-2 Symmetry and Symmetry Operations
17-3 A Set of Symmetry Operations as Constituting a Group
17-4 Representations of Groups
17-5 Atomic Orbitals as Bases for Representations
17-6 Character Tables
17-7 Bonds as Bases for Reducible Representations
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
18 Wave Mechanics and Bonding
18-1 Introduction
18-2 The Valence Bond Method for the Hydrogen Molecule
18-3 Molecular Orbitals. The Hydrogen Molecule Ion, H2+
18-4 Variation Method for Obtaining Molecular Orbitals
18-5 Molecular Orbital Energy Levels for Diatomic Molecules
18-6 Triatomic Molecules. Walsh Diagrams
18-7 Polyatomic Molecules. The Hückel Method
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
19 Molecular Spectroscopy and Photochemistry
19-1 Introduction
19-2 Excited States of Diatomic Molecules
19-3 Electronic, Vibrational, and Rotational Transitions
19-4 Electronic Excited States of Polyatomic Molecules
19-5 Vibrational Spectra
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
20 The Solid State
20-1 Space-Filling Lattices
20-2 Crystal Planes; Miller Indices
20-3 Some Simple Crystal Structures
20-4 Some Geometric Calculations
20-5 Diffraction by Crystals
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
21 Colloids and Macromolecules
21-1 Lyophobic Colloids
21-2 Association Colloids. Colloidal Electrolytes
21-3 Gels
21-4 Rheology
21-5 Liquid Crystals. Mesophases of Matter
21-6 Polymers
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
22 Nuclear Chemistry and Radiochemistry
22-1 Introduction
22-2 Nuclear Energetics and Existence Rules
22-3 Nuclear Reactions
22-4 Absorption of Radiation
22-5 Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
Commentary and Notes
Special Topics
General References
Cited References
Exercises
Problems
Special Topics Problems
Subject Index