A Synopsis of Biology

A Synopsis of Biology, Second Edition presents a critical review of general topics in the field of biology. This book is organized into eight sections encompassing 164 chapters that discuss the form and structure of living and non-living, as well as the physiology of organism and the environment. Considerable sections are devoted to the anatomy and physiology of the reptile, bird, mammal, and humans; study of the inorganic environment; evolution and heredity of the species; systematic classification of plants; production and cultivation of plant products; preservation, breeding, and cultures of organisms; and definition of epiphytes and climbers. Other sections deal with the dynamics and structure of inorganic compounds and the molecular structure and mode of action of drugs. The analysis of the natural system and the theory of evolution are presented. The remaining sections discuss the distribution of floras and faunas in space. These chapters also focus on the dermal excretion and thermo-regulation. The book can provide useful information to biologists, students, and researchers.

Preface

Introduction

Section I.—Form and Structure (Morphology)

Chapter I.—Living and Non-Living

Chapter II.—Origin of Life

Chapter III.—Basic Patterns

Chapter IV.—The Cell

Chapter V.—Plants and Animals

Chapter VI.—Vegetative Reproduction

Chapter VII.—Asexual Reproduction

Chapter VIII.—Sexual Reproduction

Chapter IX.—Alternation Of Generations

Chapter X.—Development

Chapter XI.—Plant Tissues

Chapter XII.—The Alga

Chapter XIII.—The Lichen

Chapter XIV.—The Fungus

Chapter XV.—The Liverwort and The Moss

Chapter XVI.—The Fern And the Club-Moss

Chapter XVII.—The Conifer and the Cycad

Chapter XVIII.—The Flowering Plant

Chapter XIX.—The Root

Chapter XX.—The Stem

Chapter XXI.—The Leaf

Chapter XXII.—The Flower

Chapter XXIII.—The Fruit

Chapter XXIV.—Seeds And Seedlings

Chapter XXV.—The Protozoan

Chapter XXVI.—Animal Tissues

Chapter XXVII.—The Coelenterate

Chapter XXVIII.—Animal Organs

Chapter XXIX.—The Echinoderm

Chapter XXX.—Worms

Chapter XXXI.—Metameric Segmentation

Chapter XXXII.—Plant-Like Animals

Chapter XXXIII.—Molluscs

Chapter XXXIV.—Amphioxus

Chapter XXXV.—Arthropods

Chapter XXXVI.—Cyclostomes

Chapter XXXVII.—The Dogfish

Chapter XXXVIII—The Bony Fish

Chapter XXXIX.—The Amphibian

Chapter XL.—The Reptile

Chapter XLI—The Bird

Chapter XLII.—The Mammal

Chapter XLIII.—Humanity

Section II—Functions (Physiology)

Chapter XLIV.—Matter and Energy

Chapter XLV.—Chemical Elements

Chapter XLVI.—Inorganic Compounds

Chapter XLVII.—Organic Compounds

Chapter XLVIII.—Solutions

Chapter XLIX.—The Colloidal State

Chapter L.—Enzymes

Chapter LI.—Digestion

Chapter LII.—Absorption

Chapter LIII.—Vitamins

Chapter LIV.—Circulation

Chapter LV.—Assimilation

Chapter LVI.—External Respiration

Chapter LVII.—Internal Respiration

Chapter LVIII.—Fermentation

Chapter LIX.—Excretion

Chapter LX.—Dermal Excretion and Thermo-Regulation

Chapter LXI.—Growth

Chapter LXII.—Reproduction

Chapter LXIII.—Endocrine Control

Chapter LXIV.—Excitation

Chapter LXV.—Conduction

Chapter LXVI.—Response

Section III.—Organism and Environment (Ecology)

Chapter LXVII.—The Cosmic Background

Chapter LXVIII.—The Inorganic Environment

Chapter LXIX.—Distribution in Time : Epochs

Chapter LXX.—Periodicity and Seasonal Phenomena

Chapter LXXI.—Distribution in Space. Floras And Faunas

Chapter LXXIL—Deep Sea Life

Chapter LXIII.—-Life of The Shallow Seas

Chapter LXXIV.—Between the Tides

Chapter LXXV.—Life of Rivers And Lakes

Chapter LXXVI.—Life of Ponds

Chapter LXXVIL—The Soil

Chapter LXXVIII.—Hidden and Burrowing Organisms

Chapter LXXIX.—Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees

Chapter LXXX.—Wet and Dry Habitats

Chapter LXXXL—Land Animals

Chapter LXXXII.—Epiphytes and Climbers

Chapter LXXXIII.—Life in the Air

Chapter LXXXIV.—Saprophytsm

Chapter LXXXV.—Parasitism

Chapter LXXXVI.—Parasitic Mites and Ticks

Chapter LXXXVII.—Parasitic Insects

Chapter LXXXVIII.—Parasitic Worms

Chapter LXXXIX.—Parasitic Protozoa

Chapter XC.—Parasitic Fungi

Chapter XCI.—Disease Bacteria and Viruses

Chapter XCII.—Parasitic Flowering Plants

Chapter XCIII.—Insectivorous Plants

Chapter XCIV.—Pests and Enemies

Chapter XCV.—Food and Feeding

Chapter XCVI.—Mating and Courtship

Chapter XCVII.—Care of the Young

Chapter XCVIII.—Communities of Individuals of the Same Species

Chapter XCIX.—Communities of Individuals of Different Species

Section IV.—Evolution and Heredity (Genetics)

Chapter C.—The Species

Chapter CI.—The Natural System

Chapter CII.—The Evolution Theory

Chapter CIII.—Evidence from Comparative Anatomy

Chapter CIV.—Evidence from Embryology

Chapter CV.—Evidence from Fossils

Chapter CVI.—Evidence from Physiology

Chapter CVII.—Evidence from Distribution

Chapter CVIII.—Natural Selection

Chapter CIX.—Artificial Selection

Chapter CX.—Sexual Selection

Chapter CXI.—Inheritance of Acquired Characters

Chapter CXII.—Variation

Chapter CXIII.—Mendelism

Chapter CXIV.—Neo-Mendelism

Chapter CXV.—The Physical Basis of Heredity

Chapter CXVI.—The Determination of Sex

Chapter CXVII.—Mutation

Chapter CXVIII.—Orthogenesis

Section V.—Plant Classification (Systematic Botany)

CXIX.—Algä

CXX.—Lichenes

CXXI.—Bacteria and Fungi

CXXIL—Bryophyta

CXXIII.—Pteridophyta

CXXIV.—Gymnospermia

CXXV.—Glumiflorä

CXXVI.—Llliiflorie

CXXVII.—Spadiciflorie

CXXVIII.—Apetaue

CXXIX.—Polypetalie

CXXX.—Sympetal

Section VI.—Animal Classification (Systematic Zoology)

CXXXI.—Protozoa

CXXXII.—Two-Layered Animals

CXXXIII. Echinodermata

CXXXIV.—Vermes=Helminthes

CXXXV.—Molluscoidea

CXXXVI.—Mollusca

CXXXVII.—Arthropoda

CXXXVIII.—Pisces

CXXXIX.—Amphibia

CXL.—Reptilia

CXLI.—Aves

CXLII.—Mammalia

Section VIL—Applications of Biology (Applied Biology)

Chapter CXLIII.—Foods

Chapter CXLIV.—Drugs

Chapter CXLV.—Other Medical Applications

Chapter CXLVI.—Cultivation of Plants

Chapter CXLVII.—Domestication of Animals

Chapter CXLVIII.—Fishing and Fisheries

Chapter CXLIV.—Textiles

Chapter CL.—Other Plant Products

Chapter CLI.—Hunting and Hawking

Chapter CLII.—Other Animal Products

Chapter CLIII.—Veterinary Applications

Chapter CLIV.—Perfumery and Cosmetics

Section VIII.—The Technique of Biology (Biotechnology)

Chapter CLV.—Cultures

Chapter CLVI.—Breeding

Chapter CLVII.—Preservation

Chapter CLVIII.—Dissection

Chapter CLIX.—Microscopy

Chapter CLX.—Fine Structure Investigation

Chapter CLXI.—Fixation

Chapter CLXII.—Staining

Chapter CLXIII.—Micro-Manipulation

Chapter CLXIV.—Microtomy

Index