A History of Modern Psychology

ContentsPreface1 The Study of the History of Psychology Introduction Overview of the Development of Modern Psychology The Relevance of the Past for the Present The Evolution of Psychology: Conceptions of Scientific History Landmarks of Development: Schools of Thought in Psychology 2 Direct Philosophical Influences on Psychology The Spirit of Mechanism: The Universe as a Machine The Beginnings of Modern Science: René Descartes (1596-1650) The Life of Descartes The Contributions of Descartes British Empiricism and Associationism John Locke (1632-1704) George Berkeley (1685-1753) David Hume (1711-1776) David Hartley (1705-1757) James Mill (1773-1836) Contributions of Empiricism to Psychology 3 Physiological Influences on Psychology Introduction Developments in Early Physiology: An Overview The Beginnings of Experimental Psychology Why Germany? Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) Ernst Weber (1795-1878) Gustav Theodor Techner (1801-1887) The Formal "Founding" of the New Science 4 The New Psychology: Structuralism and its Early Opponents Structuralism: An Overview Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) The Life of Wundt Wundt's System The Research Topics of the Leipzig Laboratory In Retrospect Other Early European Psychologists Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) Georg Elias Müller (1850-1934) Franz Brentano (1838-1917) Carl Stumpf (1848-1936) Oswald Külpe (1862-1915) and the Würzburg School Comment 5 Structuralism: Final Form Edward Bradford Titchener (1867-1927) The Life of Titchener Titchener's System Original Source Material on Structuralism: From A Text-Book of Psychology The Fate of Structuralism Criticisms of Structuralism Contributions of Structuralism6 Functionalism: Antecedent Influences Introduction Functionalism: An Overview The Evolution Revolution: Charles Darwin (1809-1882) The Life of Darwin The Works of Darwin The Influence of Darwin on Psychology Individual Differences: Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) The Life of Galton The Works of Galton Comment The Influence of Animal Psychology on Functionalism Comment 7 Functionalism: American Pioneers Only in America: Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) and Synthetic Philosophy Anticipator of Functional Psychology: William James (1842-1910) The Life of James The Works of James Comment Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924) The Life of Hall The Works of Hall Comment James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944) The Life of Cattell The Works of Cattell Comment Ganz Amerikanisch 8 Functionalism: Formal Development The Founding of Functionalism The Chicago School John Dewey (1859-1952) James Rowland Angell (1869-1949) Harvey A. Carr (1873-1954) Original Source Material on Functionalism: From Psychology Functionalism at Columbia Robert Sessions Woodworth (1869-1962) Criticisms of Functionalism Contributions of Functionalism 9 Behaviorism: Antecedent Influences Introduction The Influence of Animal Psychology on Behaviorism Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949) Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov (1849-1936) Vladimir M. Bekhterev (1857-1927) Comment The Influence of Functionalism on Behaviorism 10 Behaviorism: The beginnings Introduction John B. Watson (1878-1958) Original Source Material on Behaviorism: From "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it" Comment The Methods of Behaviorism The Subject Matter of Behaviorism Specific Views and Concepts Instinct Learning Emotion Thought Watson's Popular Appeal A Final Note Criticisms of Watsonian Behaviorism Contributions of Watsonian Behaviorism 11 Behaviorism: After the Founding Early Behaviorists Edwin B. Holt (1873-1946) Albert P. Weiss (1879-1931) Karl Lashley (1890-1958) The Influence of Operationism on Behaviorism Neobehaviorists Edward Chace Tolman (1886-1959) Edwin Ray Guthrie (1886-1959) Clark Leonard Hull (1884-1952) Burrhus Frederick Skinner (1904-) Challenges to Behaviorism 12 Gestalt Psychology Introduction Antecedent Influences The Founding of Gestalt Psychology Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) Kurt Koffka (1886-1941) Wolfgang Köhler (1887-1967) The Nature of the Gestalt Revolt Original Source Material on Gestalt Psychology: From "Gestalt Theory" Major Principles of Gestalt Psychology Principles of Organization Principles of Learning The Principle of Isomorphism Post-Founding Developments The Spread of Gestalt Psychology Field Theory: Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) The Influence of Lewin on Social Psychology Criticisms of Gestalt Psychology Contributions of Gestalt Psychology 13 Psychoanalysis: the Beginnings Introduction Antecedent Influences Early Theories of the Unconscious Psychopathology Other Sources of Influence The Development of Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Psychoanalysis as a Method of Treatment Freud's Method of Research Psychoanalysis as a System of Personality Instincts Unconscious and Conscious Aspects of Personality Anxiety Stages of Personality Development Mechanism and Determinism in Freud's System Conflicts between Psychoanalysis and Psychology Criticisms of Psychoanalysis The Scientific Credibility of Psychoanalysis Contributions of Psychoanalysis 14 Psychoanalysis: After the Founding Introduction Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) The Life of Jung Jung's System: Analytical Psychology Comment Social-Psychological Theories in Psychoanalysis: The Zeitgeist Strikes Again Alfred Adler (1870-1937) The Life of Adler Adler's System: Individual Psychology Comment Karen Horney (1885-1952) Horney's System Comment Erich Fromm (1900-1980) Fromm's System Comment Criticisms of the Social-Psychological Theories 15 More Recent Developments Schools of Thought in Psychology Behaviorism: The Cognitive Revolution The Influence of the "Zeitgeist" on the Cognitive Revolution Socio-Behaviorism: Albert Bandura (1925- ) Comment The Psychoanalytic Tradition: Recent Developments Gordon Allport (1897-1967) Allport's System Comment Henry Murray (1893- ) Murray's System Comment Erik Erikson (1902- ) Erikson's System Comment Comment on Post-Freudian Psychoanalysis Humanistic Psychology: The Third Force Historical Antecedents of Humanistic Psychology The Nature of Humanistic Psychology Humanistic Psychotherapies Abraham Maslow (1908—1970) Maslow's System Comment Carl Rogers (1902- ) Rogers's System Comment The Future of Humanistic PsychologyBibliography Index