Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, 2 Volume Set

8th Edition - December 18, 2017

Author: Charles J. Yeo

Hardback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 4 0 2 3 2 - 3

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 5 3 1 7 7 - 1

For more than 60 years, Shackelford’s Surgery of the Alimentary Tract has served as the cornerstone reference in this fast-moving field. With comprehensive coverage of all aspects… Read more

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For more than 60 years, Shackelford’s Surgery of the Alimentary Tract has served as the cornerstone reference in this fast-moving field. With comprehensive coverage of all aspects of GI surgery, the 8th Edition, by Drs. Charles J. Yeo, Steven R. DeMeester, David W. McFadden, Jeffrey B. Matthews, and James W. Fleshman, offers lavishly illustrated, authoritative guidance on endoscopic, robotic, and minimally invasive procedures, as well as current medical therapies. Each section is edited by a premier authority in GI surgery; chapters reflect key topics and are written by a "who’s who" of international experts in the field. It’s your one-stop resource for proven, systematic approaches to all relevant adult and pediatric GI disorders and operations

Cover image
Title Page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Brief History
The Eighth Edition
Acknowledgments
Volume 1
Section I Esophagus and Hernia
Part One Anatomy and Physiology of the Esophagus
1 Esophageal Sphincters in Health and Disease
Abstract
Upper Esophageal Sphincter in Health
Changes of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter in Disease
Lower Esophageal Sphincter in Health
Lower Esophageal Sphincter in Disease
Conclusion
References
2 Esophageal Body in Health and Disease
Abstract
Esophageal Body in Health
Esophageal Body in Disease
References
3 Esophageal Mucosa in Health and Disease
Abstract
Present Status of GastroEsophageal Reflux Disease
Progression of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease With Empiric Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy
Value of Pathology in the Diagnosis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
A Proposed New Objective in the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Lower Esophageal Sphincter
Histologic Measurement of Abdominal Lower Esophageal Sphincter Damage
New Pathologic Test of Lower Esophageal Sphincter Damage
Potential Value of the New Test in the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
What Needs to Happen for the New Test to Work
Conclusion
References
4 Relevant Anatomic Relations of the Esophagus
Abstract
Cervical Esophagus
Thoracic Esophagus
Abdominal Esophagus
Conclusion
References
Part Two Diagnostic Evaluation of the Esophagus
5 Esophageal Symptoms and Selection of Diagnostic Tests
Abstract
Origin of Esophageal Sensation
Symptoms
Relevant Testing Before Consideration of Antireflux Surgery
Relevant Preoperative Testing for Specific Indications
Conclusion
References
Suggested Readings
6 Radiology of the Esophagus
Abstract
Esophagram
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Esophageal Motility Disorders
Esophageal Neoplasms
Postoperative Esophagus
Miscellaneous Conditions
Summary
References
7 Endoscopic Evaluation of the Esophagus and Endoscopic Ultrasonography of the Esophagus
Abstract
Endoscopic Evaluation of the Gastroesophageal Junction
Conventional Endoscopic Diagnosis of Barrett Esophagus
Specialized Endoscopic Techniques for Barrett Esophagus
Endoscopic Diagnosis of Reflux Esophagitis
Endoscopic Evaluation of Patients Who Have Had Antireflux Surgery
Esophageal Cancer
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Endoscopic Esophageal Ultrasonography
Fundamentals of Ultrasonography
Instruments and Techniques
Esophageal Wall and Ultrasound Anatomy
Esophageal Carcinoma
Clinical Stage (cTNM)
Posttherapy Stage (ycTNM)
Benign Esophageal Diseases
Miscellaneous Esophageal Diseases
Paraesophageal Diseases
Conclusion
References
8 High-Resolution Esophageal Manometry
Abstract
Techniques of Esophageal Manometry
Esophageal Motor Disorders
Role of Manometry in Antireflux Surgery
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
9 pH and Impedance Evaluation of the Esophagus
Abstract
History of Esophageal pH Monitoring
Indications for pH Testing
Electrochemical Properties of pH Electrodes
Catheter-Based pH Monitoring
Wireless pH Monitoring
Duration of pH Monitoring
pH Electrode Placement
Interpretation of Esophageal pH Studies
pH Testing on Versus Off Acid Suppressive Medication
Limitations of Esophageal pH Monitoring
Proximal Esophageal pH Assessment
Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance
Combined Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance and pH
Conclusion
References
10 Novel Diagnostic Technologies
Abstract
Mucosal Impedance
Optical Coherence Tomography
Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy
Other Emerging Technologies
References
Part Three Esophageal Motility Disorders and Diverticula
11 Cricopharyngeal Dysfunction and Zenker Diverticulum
Abstract
Assessment of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
Treatment
Zenker Diverticulum
Conclusion
References
12 Surgical Management of Mid- and Distal Esophageal Diverticula
Abstract
Distal Esophageal (Epiphrenic) Diverticulum
Middle Esophageal Diverticulum
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Summary
References
13 Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Medical Management of Achalasia
Abstract
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Medical Management
References
14 Endoscopic and Surgical Therapies for Achalasia
Abstract
Preoperative Work-Up
Achalasia Manometric Subtypes
Treatment Options
Conclusion
References
Part Four Gastroesophageal Refl ux Disease
15 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Abstract
Definition
Scope
Complications
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
16 Etiology and Natural History of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Predictors of Progressive Disease
Abstract
Progression of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Under Therapy
Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Histopathology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Prevention of Progressive Disease
References
17 Respiratory Complications of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Abstract
Role of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Chronic Cough
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux
Role of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Role of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Bronchiectasis
Role of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Interstitial Lung Disease
Role of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients Under Consideration for Lung Transplantation
References
18 Acid-Suppression Therapy for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and the Therapeutic Gap
Abstract
Pathophysiologic Mechanisms Underlying Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease With Acid-Suppression Therapy
Alternative Pharmacologic and Lifestyle Interventions for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Bridging the Therapeutic Gap?
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
19 Fundoplication for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Abstract
Clinical Features
Preoperative Evaluation
Indications for Surgery
Principles of Nissen Fundoplication
Acquired Short Esophagus
Postoperative Care
Specific Intraoperative and Postoperative Complications
Short-Term Results
Long-Term Results
Conclusion
References
20 Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Abstract
Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation
Surgical Technique
Summary of Clinical Experience
Conclusion
References
21 Endoscopic Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Abstract
Indications for Endoscopic Therapy of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Techniques
Conclusion
References
22 Options to Address Delayed Gastric Emptying in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Abstract
Diagnosis of Delayed Gastric Emptying
Delayed Gastric Emptying in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Treatment Options
Conclusion
References
23 Management of Failed Fundoplications, End-Stage Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, and Scleroderma
Abstract
Outcomes After Fundoplication
Why Do Fundoplications Fail?
Approach to the Patient With a Failed Fundoplication
Choice of Operation
Approach to the Patient With End-Stage Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Approach to the Patient With Scleroderma
Conclusion
References
24 Esophageal Complications of Bariatric Procedures
Abstract
Complications
Summary
Suggested Readings
Part Five Paraesophageal Hernia
25 Paraesophageal Hernia
Abstract
Etiology
Presentation
Diagnostic Approach
Indications for Repair
References
26 Laparoscopic Paraesophageal Hernia Repair
Abstract
Pathophysiology, Incidence, and Clinical Presentation
Indications/Contraindications
Preoperative Assessment
Surgical Technique
Reducing the Hernia Sac
Establishing Adequate Intraabdominal Esophageal Length
Repairing the Diaphragmatic Defect
Reestablishing the Antireflux Barrier
Mesh Use at the Hiatus
Complications and Outcomes
Summary
References
27 Open Paraesophageal Hernia Repair
Abstract
Indication for Surgical Repair
Preoperative Evaluation
Operative Approaches
Conclusion
References
28 Diaphragmatic Relaxing Incisions for Crural Tension During Hiatal Hernia Repair
Abstract
Important Initial Maneuvers
Technique for Right-Sided Relaxing Incision
Technique for Left-Sided Relaxing Incision
Outcomes With Crural Relaxing Incisions
Conclusion
Disclosures
References
29 Collis Gastroplasty for a Foreshortened Esophagus
Abstract
Identifying the Short Esophagus
Management of the Short Esophagus
Outcome With a Collis Gastroplasty
Conclusion
References
30 Mesh at the Hiatus
Abstract
Hiatal Hernia: Recurrence and Outcomes
Mesh Configurations and Materials
Mesh-Related Complications
Mesh Versus No Mesh
Conclusion
References
Part Six Barrett Esophagus
31 Controversies in the Definition of Barrett Esophagus
Abstract
Current Definitions of Barrett Esophagus
Historical Perspective
Histologic Determination of the Gastroesophageal Junction
Implications of the Location of the Gastroesophageal Junction
Risk of Neoplastic Progression in Subtypes of Esophageal Columnar Metaplasia
Conclusion
References
32 Epidemiology of Barrett Esophagus and Risk Factors for Progression
Abstract
Prevalence and Incidence of Barrett Esophagus
Risk Factors for Barrett Esophagus
Risk Factors for the Neoplastic Progression of Barrett Esophagus
References
33 Medical and Surgical Therapy for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Barrett Esophagus
Clinical Features of Barrett Esophagus
Surveillance
Treatment of Nondysplastic Barrett Esophagus
Treatment of Dysplasia and Early Cancer
Conclusion
References
34 Ablation for Patients With Barrett or Dysplasia
Abstract
Which Patients With Barrett Should Have Ablation?
Issues Relating to Nondysplastic Barrett Esophagus and Ablation
Ablative Techniques: Methods, Outcomes, and Complications
Subsquamous Barrett Glands (Buried Barrett)
Role of Acid Control Before and After Ablation Treatment
Surveillance
Role of Biomarkers
Conclusion
References
Part Seven Esophageal Cancer
35 Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Manifestations of Esophageal Cancer
Abstract
Epidemiology
Anatomic Distribution of Esophageal Cancer
Risk Factors for Esophageal Cancer
Risk Factors Specific to Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Why Is the Epidemiology Changing?
Clinical Manifestations
References
36 Esophageal Cancer Diagnosis and Staging
Abstract
Epidemiology
Anatomy
Nomenclature
Histologic Type
Histologic Grade
Tumor, Node, Metastasis Classification and Updates in the Seventh Edition
Diagnostic Tools
Therapy Monitoring
Surveillance Strategy
Acknowledgment
References
37 Endoscopic Management of High-Grade Dysplasia and Superficial Esophageal Carcinoma
Abstract
Screening and Surveillance
Endoscopic Diagnosis and Staging
Endoscopic Treatment of High-Grade Dysplasia/Intramucosal Cancer
Endoscopic Resection, Mucosal Ablation, or Both?
Conclusion
References
38 Multimodality Therapy in the Management of Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer
Abstract
Perioperative Chemotherapy Versus Surgery Alone
Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation Versus Surgery Alone
Chemotherapy Versus Chemoradiation Before Surgery
Definitive Chemoradiation
Conclusion
References
39 A Surgical Approaches to Remove the Esophagus
Abstract
Surgical Therapy
Patient Assessment
Complications
Results
Role of Neoadjuvant Therapy
Salvage Surgery
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
39 B Surgical Approaches to Remove the Esophagus
Abstract
Indications and Contraindication for Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy
Minimally Invasive Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy
Abdominal Phase
Thoracic Phase
Mckeown Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy
Transhiatal Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy
Laparoscopic Hand-Assisted Esophagectomy
Robotic Esophagectomy
Results
References
39 C Surgical Approaches to Remove the Esophagus
Abstract
Why a Vagal-Sparing Esophagectomy?
Indications for a Vagal-Sparing Esophagectomy
Surgical Approach
Conclusion and Summary
References
39 D Surgical Approaches to Remove the Esophagus
Abstract
Indications
Equipment
Preoperative Evaluation
Choice of Operation
Technical Details
Results
Conclusion
References
40 Extent of Lymphadenectomy for Esophageal Cancer
Abstract
Lymphatic Drainage of the Esophagus and Patterns of Spread
Abdominal Lymph Node Dissection
Thoracic Lymph Node Dissection
Cervical Node Dissection
Squamous Cell Cancers Versus Adenocarcinomas
Implications of Lymphadenectomy
Morbidity of Lymphadenectomy
Summary
References
41 Options for Esophageal Replacement
Abstract
Milestones in Surgery for Esophageal Carcinoma
Stomach
Colon
Jejunoplasty (Jejunal Interposition)
Skin
No Replacement
Conduit Placement
References
42 Palliative Therapy for Esophageal Cancer
Abstract
Esophageal Dilation
Stents
Neodymium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet Laser Treatment
Photodynamic Therapy
Cryotherapy
Brachytherapy and External Beam Radiation Therapy
Chemoradiation Therapy
Comments
References
43 Anastomotic Complications After Esophagectomy
Abstract
Classification and Incidence
Risk Factors
Prevention of Leak
Diagnosis of Leak
Management
Conduit Necrosis
Anastomotic Stricture
Conduit Airway Fistula
Summary
References
Part Eight Miscellaneous Esophageal Conditions
44 Nonreflux Esophagitis
Abstract
Diagnosis
Management
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Infectious Esophagitis
Drug-Induced Esophagitis
Radiation Esophagitis
Acute Esophageal Necrosis
References
45 Esophageal Duplication Cyst
Abstract
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Investigations
Treatment
Summary
References
46 Submucosal Tumors of the Esophagus and Gastroesophageal Junction
Abstract
Surgery
Conclusion
References
47 Caustic Esophageal Injury
Abstract
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Initial Investigations and Management
Treatment in Acute Phase
Treatment in Intermediate Phase
Treatment in Chronic Phase
Long-Term Considerations
Summary
References
48 Etiology and Management of Esophageal Perforation
Abstract
Etiology
Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Additional Considerations
Outcomes
Conclusion
References
49 Management of Esophageal Perforations and Leaks
Abstract
Anatomic Considerations
Etiology of Esophageal Perforations and Leaks
Evaluation
Endoscopic Management of Esophageal Perforations and Leaks
Poststenting Considerations
Complications of Stenting
Stent-Guided Regeneration and Reepithelialization
Conclusion
References
Part Nine Hernia
50 Basic Concepts and Factors Associated With Ventral Hernia Recurrence
Abstract
Optimizing Known Risk Factors
Preoperative Risk Reduction
Immune Modulators and Preoperative Nutrition
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Prophylaxis
Prevention of Intraoperative Hypothermia
Emergency Operations
Hernia Prevention
Suture Selection
STITCH Length
Mesh Reinforcement as Prevention
Management of a Hernia
Mesh Material: Synthetic, Biologic, or Bioabsorbable
Postoperative Management
Conclusion
References
51 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology
Classification
Prenatal Diagnosis and Prognostic Indicators
Postnatal Diagnosis
Treatment and Outcomes
Future Directions
References
52 Ventral Hernia and Abdominal Release Procedures
Abstract
Definitions
Anatomy
Etiology and Epidemiology
Presentation and Indications for Surgery
Principles of Ventral Hernia Repair
Special Considerations
Abdominal Release Procedures
Hernia Repair Algorithm
Enhanced Recovery Pathways After Abdominal Wall Reconstruction
Conclusion
References
53 A Inguinal Hernia Repair
Abstract
Surgical Anatomy of the Region
Laparoscopic Versus Open Repair
Operative Technique
Transabdominal Preperitoneal Repair Versus Totally Extraperitoneal Repair
References
53 B Inguinal Hernia Repair
Abstract
Background
Surgical Technique
Complications
References
54 Lumbar, Pelvic, and Uncommon Hernias
Abstract
Lumbar Hernia
Obturator Hernia
Sciatic Hernia
Perineal Hernias
Summary
References
55 Mesh
Abstract
History
Evidence for Mesh Repair
Mesh Categories
Synthetic
Biologic Mesh
Absorbable Synthetic Mesh
Mesh Fixation
Mesh-Specific Complications
Antimicrobial Coatings
Summary and Recommendations
References
Section II Stomach and Small Intestine
56 Anatomy and Physiology of the Stomach
Abstract
Embryologic Development
Gross Anatomy and Anatomic Relationships of the Stomach
Vascular, Lymphatic, and Neural Supply to the Stomach
Microscopic Anatomy and Physiology of the Stomach
Acknowledgments
References
57 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy of the Stomach and Small Bowel
Abstract
Indications and Contraindications
Equipment
Technique
Gastric Pathology
Therapeutic Endoscopy
Endoscopy of the Small Bowel
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
58 Access and Intubation of the Stomach and Small Intestine
Abstract
Nasogastric and Nasoenteric Intubation
Indications
Contraindications
Methods of Bedside Intubation
Access to the Stomach or Small Intestine
Procedures for Intubation of the Stomach and Small Intestine
Management and Complications of Intestinal Tubes
Summary
References
59 Surgery for Peptic Ulcer Disease
Abstract
History of Surgical Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease
Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease
Indications for the Surgical Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease
Vagotomy
Drainage Procedures
Gastric Resection Procedures
Choice of Operation for Intractable Duodenal Ulcer
Elective Operation for Intractable Gastric Ulcer Disease
Emergency Operation for Complicated Peptic Ulcer Disease
Acknowledgments
References
60 Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Abstract
Anatomy, Pathophysiology, and Molecular Biology
Clinical Presentation: Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Medical Therapy
Measurement of Other Gastrointestinal Hormones
Genetics and Assessment for Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
Tumor Localization
Intraoperative Imaging
Surgical Therapy and Principles of Surgery
Management of Metastatic Disease
Systemic Treatments
References
61 Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Abstract
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Pathology
Diagnosis
Staging
Tumor Management
Multimodality Therapy
Neoadjuvant Therapy
Surgical Therapy
Adjuvant Therapy
Management of Advanced Disease
Surveillance
Prognosis
Prophylactic Gastrectomy
Summary
References
62 Postgastrectomy Syndromes
Abstract
Dumping Syndrome
Postvagotomy Diarrhea
Gastric Stasis
Afferent Loop Obstruction
Alkaline (Bile) Reflux Gastritis
Roux Stasis Syndrome
Marginal Ulcers
Gallstones
Nutritional Abnormalities
Chronic Calcium Deficit and Osteoporosis
References
63 Operations for Morbid Obesity
Abstract
Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Band
Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
Sleeve Gastrectomy
Duodenal Switch
Not Yet Standardized Procedures
Conclusion
References
64 Foreign Bodies and Bezoars of the Stomach and Small Intestine
Abstract
Foreign Body Ingestion
Gastric Bezoars
References
65 Motility Disorders of the Stomach and Small Intestine
Abstract
Gastric Motility
Intestinal Motility
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
66 Miscellaneous Benign Lesions and Conditions of the Stomach, Duodenum, and Small Intestine
Abstract
Benign Lesions of the Stomach, Duodenum, and Small Intestine
Benign Conditions of the Stomach, Duodenum, and Small Intestine
Conclusions
References
67 Surgical Disease of the Stomach and Duodenum in Infants and Children
Abstract
Embryology
Prenatal Diagnosis
Congenital Lesions
Acquired Lesions
References
68 Anatomy and Physiology of the Duodenum
Abstract
Embryogenesis
Gross Anatomy and Topographic Relations
Arterial Supply
Venous Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Innervation
Histology
Physiology
Acknowledgment
References
69 Adenocarcinoma of the Small Intestine
Abstract
Pathogenesis and Risk Factors
Duodenal Adenocarcinoma
Jejunal and Ileal Adenocarcinoma
Summary
References
70 Reoperations on the Stomach and Duodenum
Abstract
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Postgastrectomy Dumping and Diarrhea
Gastroparesis and Impaired Motility
Roux Limb Syndrome
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Bile Reflux Gastritis
Afferent Loop Syndrome
References
71 Anatomy and Physiology of the Small Intestine
Abstract
Embryology
Anatomy
Vasculature Arterial Supply
Innervation
Small Intestinal Motility
Small Intestinal Secretion
Small Intestinal Mucosal Immunity
Digestion and Absorption
Acknowledgment
References
72 Small Bowel Obstruction
Abstract
Pathophysiology
Classification and Etiology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Treatment
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
73 Volvulus of the Stomach and Small Bowel
Abstract
Small Bowel Volvulus
Gastric Volvulus
References
74 Internal Hernias
Abstract
Acquired Internal Hernia
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
Internal Hernia in Pregnancy
Congenital Internal Hernias
Conclusion
References
75 Crohn Disease and Its Surgical Management
Abstract
Epidemiology
Natural History and Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Testing
Pathology
Treatment
Operative Strategies and Techniques
Treatment of Small Bowel Crohn Disease Complications
Other Issues in the Surgical Management of Small Bowel Crohn Disease
Long-Term Management
References
76 Gastric, Duodenal, and Small Intestinal Fistulas
Abstract
General Principles
Etiology
Diagnosis of Perforations and Fistulas
Staging and Classification
Complications
Management
Summary
References
77 Small Bowel Diverticula
Abstract
Duodenal Diverticula
Jejunoileal Diverticula
Meckel Diverticulum
Conclusion
References
78 Radiation Enteritis
Abstract
Etiology
Clinical Features and Pathophysiology of Injury
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Conclusion
References
79 Short Bowel Syndrome
Abstract
Incidence and Demographics of Short Bowel Syndrome
Prognostic Factors in Short Bowel Syndrome
Normal Intestinal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Short Bowel Syndrome
Intestinal Adaptation
Medical Management
Multidisciplinary Intestinal Rehabilitation
Complications of Short Bowel Syndrome
Liver Disease
Surgical Management
Longitudinal Intestinal Lengthening and Tailoring
Serial Transverse Enteroplasty
Spiral Intestinal Lengthening and Tailoring
Transplantation
Conclusion
References
80 Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors
Abstract
Biology of the Neuroendocrine System
Nomenclature
Incidence
Risk Factors
Staging and Classification Schemes
Diagnosis of Neuroendocrine Tumors
Neuroendocrine Tumors by the Organ of Origin
Colon and Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors
Appendiceal Neuroendocrine Tumors
Metastatic Disease
Perioperative and Surgical Issues
Future Challenges in the Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors
References
81 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Epidemiology
Pathology and Diagnosis
Molecular Mechanism of Carcinogenesis
Immunohistochemical Staining
Clinical Presentation of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Systemic Therapy With Biologic Agents
Treatment of Recurrent and Metastatic Disease
Pediatric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Hereditary Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Summary
References
82 Gastrointestinal Lymphomas
Abstract
Biology and Epidemiology
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
Role of Surgery in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Lymphoma
Pathologic, Immunologic, Molecular, and Clinical Workup for Gastrointestinal Lymphoma
Treatment of Gastrointestinal Lymphomas
Evolving Therapies
References
83 Surgical Conditions of the Small Intestine in Infants and Children
Abstract
Malrotation
Intestinal Atresia and Duplication Cysts
Meconium Disorders
Omphalomesenteric Remnants
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Intussusception
References
84 Ileostomy
Abstract
History
Indications
Physiology
Preoperative Considerations
Surgical Technique
Difficult Ileostomy
Postoperative Care
Complications
Ileostomy Closure
References
85 Suturing, Stapling, and Tissue Adhesion
Abstract
Surgical Suturing and Technique
Staplers and Stapling Technique
Surgical Adjuncts
Conclusion
References
86 Anatomy and Physiology of the Mesenteric Circulation
Abstract
Embryology
Anatomy
Physiology
Clinical Correlation
Conclusion
References
87 Mesenteric Ischemia
Abstract
Anatomy
Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia
References
88 Aortoenteric Fistula and Visceral Artery Aneurysms
Abstract
Aortoenteric Fistulas
Visceral Aneurysms
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
89 Mesenteric Arterial Trauma
Abstract
Penetrating Trauma to the Mesenteric Arteries
Blunt Trauma to the Mesenteric Arteries
Superior Mesenteric Artery
References
Volume 2
Section III Pancreas, Biliary Tract, Liver, and Spleen
Part One Pancreas
90 Anatomy, Physiology, and Embryology of the Pancreas
Abstract
Basic Anatomy
Physiology
Basic Pancreatic Embryology
Dorsal and Ventral Pancreatic Bud Development
Initiation of the Pancreas With Endodermal Patterning
Pancreatic Mesenchyme
Key Signaling Molecules
Endothelial Cells and Oxygen Tension
Extracellular Matrix
Glucagon
Transcription Factors
References
91 Acute Pancreatitis
Abstract
Etiology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Classification of Acute Pancreatitis
Predicting Severity
Phases of Acute Pancreatitis
Treatment
Invasive Treatment
References
92 Chronic Pancreatitis
Abstract
Definition
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Extrapancreatic Complications of Chronic Pancreatitis
Mechanism of Pain in Chronic Pancreatitis
Diagnosis of Chronic Pancreatitis
Treatment Options for Chronic Pancreatitis
Endoscopic Management
Surgical Management
Resection
Decompression
Conclusion
References
93 Pseudocysts and Other Complications of Pancreatitis
Abstract
Pancreatic and Peripancreatic Fluid Collections
Pancreatic Pseudocysts
Pancreatic Fistulas
Extrapancreatic Complications of Pancreatitis
Conclusion
References
94 Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Therapy for Complications of Pancreatitis
Abstract
Local Complications of Acute Pancreatitis
Infected Pancreatic Necrosis
Percutaneous Therapy
Pancreatic Pseudocysts
Pancreatic Duct Disruption
Pancreatic Duct Stricture
Chronic Pancreatitis–Associated Biliary Strictures
Pancreatic Duct Stones
References
95 Imaging and Radiologic Intervention in the Pancreas
Abstract
Congenital Disease
Acute Pancreatitis
Chronic Pancreatitis
Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Trauma
Neoplasm
References
96 Pancreatic and Periampullary Cancer
Abstract
Incidence
Pathology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Resection of Pancreatic and Periampullary Cancer
Operative Complications
Survival After Resection of Periampullary Cancer
Palliative Management of Unresectable Disease
Chemotherapy
Conclusion
References
97 Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas
Abstract
Insulinoma
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
Somatostatinoma
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide–Producing Tumor
Glucagonoma
Growth Hormone–Releasing Factor–Producing Tumor
Corticotropin-Producing Tumor
Tumor Releasing Parathyroid Hormone–Related Protein
Neurotensinoma
Ghrelinoma
Pancreatic Peptide–Producing Tumor and Nonfunctioning Neuroendocrine Tumor
References
98 Primary Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms
Abstract
Incidence and Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Operative Management
Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Therapy
Outcomes
Acknowledgments
References
99 Unusual Pancreatic Tumors
Abstract
Acinar Cell Carcinoma
Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Primary Pancreatic Lymphoma
Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Conclusion
References
100 Techniques of Pancreatic Resection for Cancer
Abstract
Historical Background
Preoperative Evaluation
Techniques of Resection
Conclusion
References
101 Minimally Invasive Pancreas Surgery
Abstract
Benign Conditions
Malignant Conditions
Robotic Versus Laparoscopic Approach
Conclusion
References
102 Pancreatic Trauma
Abstract
Diagnosis
Nonoperative Management
Intraoperative Evaluation
Operative Treatment
Postoperative Considerations
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
103 Pancreatic Problems in Infants and Children
Abstract
Annular Pancreas
Congenital Hyperinsulinism
Pancreas Divisum
Tumors
Trauma
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Children
Acknowledgment
References
104 Pancreas and Islet Allotransplantation
Abstract
History of Pancreas Transplantation
History of Pancreatic Islet Transplantation
Candidates for Pancreas or Islet Allotransplantation
Donor Characteristics
Pancreas Procurement Techniques
Pancreas Transplantation
Islet Allotransplantation
Patient Selection
Summary
References
105 Prevention and Management of Complications of Pancreatic Surgery
Abstract
Postpancreatectomy Hemorrhage
Pancreatic Fistula
Delayed Gastric Emptying
Infectious Complications
Summary
References
Part Two Biliary Tract
106 Anatomy, Embryology, Anomalies, and Physiology of the Biliary Tract
Abstract
Anatomy and Embryology
Anomalies
Physiology
Acknowledgment
References
107 Imaging and Radiologic Intervention in the Biliary Tract
Abstract
Diagnostic Imaging
Biliary Interventions
Conclusion and Summary
References
108 Operative Management of Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis
Abstract
Cholelithiasis
Cholecystitis
Special Considerations
Cholecystectomy
Operative Technique
Other Technical Approaches
References
109 Management of Common Bile Duct Stones
Abstract
Detection of Common Duct Stones
Preoperative Endoscopic Therapy
Intraoperative Diagnosis of Common Bile Duct Stones
Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration
Postoperative Endoscopic Therapy
Patients With Roux-en-Y Gastrojejunostomy
Open Common Bile Duct Exploration
Future of Surgical Common Bile Duct Exploration
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
110 Biliary Dyskinesia and Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction
Abstract
Biliary Dyskinesia
Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction
Summary
References
111 Endoscopic Evaluation and Management of Pancreaticobiliary Disease
Abstract
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
Benign Biliary Tract Disease
Choledochal Cysts and Anomalous Pancreaticobiliary Union
Pancreas Divisum
Endoscopic Ultrasound
Direct Pancreatoscopy and Cholangioscopy
References
112 Biliary Tract Tumors
Abstract
Benign Gallbladder Tumors
Gallbladder Cancer
Benign Biliary Tumors
Cholangiocarcinoma
Other Malignant Biliary Tumors
References
113 Prevention and Management of Bile Duct Injury
Abstract
Epidemiology of Bile Duct Injuries
General Prevention of Bile Duct Injuries
Cognitive Factors Related to the Prevention of Bile Duct Injuries
Vasculobiliary Injuries
Clinical Presentation of Patients With Bile Duct Injuries
Diagnostic Recognition and Evaluation—Laboratory Tests
Diagnostic Recognition and Evaluation—Radiology
Management of Bile Duct Injury
Surgical Management of Bile Duct Injury
Immediate Repair of Intraoperative Bile Duct Injury
Delayed Repair of Bile Duct Injuries
Surgical Outcomes
Nonoperative Management Strategies
Conclusion
References
114 Operative Management of Bile Duct Strictures
Abstract
Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Radiologic Work-up
Surgical Management of Bile Duct Strictures
Early Repair
Delayed Management of Biliary Stricture
Postoperative Complications
Surgical Results
Nonoperative Management of Bile Duct Strictures
Summary
References
115 Biliary Atresia and Biliary Hypoplasia
Abstract
Diagnosis
Etiology
Classification
Operative Management
Postoperative Management
Outcomes
Liver Transplantation
References
116 Cystic Disorders of the Bile Ducts
Abstract
Classification of Cystic Disorders of the Bile Ducts
Congenital Biliary Dilatation (Types Ia, Ic, and IV-A)
Diverticulum (Type II)
Choledochocele (Type III)
Caroli Disease (Type V)
References
117 Surgical Treatment of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Abstract
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Pathology
Imaging Studies
Associated Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Overlap With Autoimmune Hepatitis
Nonmalignant Complications and Management
Decompensated Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension
Surgical Management of Ulcerative Colitis in the Presence of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Malignant Complications and Management
References
Part Three Liver
118 Anatomy and Physiology of the Liver
Modern Anatomic Approach to Liver Surgery
Embryology of the Liver
Hepatic Divisions
Vasculobiliary Sheaths
Arterial and Biliary Systems
Portal Vein and Portal Vein Anomalies
Hilum, Plates, Fissures, and Other Structures
Hepatic, Suprarenal, and Phrenic Veins
Anatomic Approaches to Hepatic Resections (According to Couinaud)
Lymphatics
Nerves
Microscopic Structure
Hepatic Blood Flow and Metabolism
Liver Regeneration
Bile Formation
Acknowledgments
References
119 Laboratory Measurement of Hepatic Function
Abstract
Liver Chemistry Tests
Common Hepatobiliary Diseases in the Presurgical and Postsurgical Patient
Summary
References
120 Perioperative Management and Nutritional Support in Patients With Liver and Biliary Tract Disease
Abstract
Pathophysiology of Cirrhosis and Obstructive Jaundice
Preoperative Considerations
Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Conclusion
References
121 Hepatic Cysts
Abstract
Simple Hepatic Cysts
Polycystic Liver Disease
Echinococcal Cysts
Neoplastic Cysts
Acknowledgment
References
122 Liver Abscess
Abstract
Pyogenic Liver Abscesses
Amebic Liver Abscesses
Acknowledgments
References
123 Management of Hepatobiliary Trauma
Abstract
Historical Perspective
Classification of Liver Injuries
Initial Evaluation
Management
Principles of Operative Treatment
Special Problems
Acknowledgments
References
124 Diagnostic Operation of the Liver and Techniques of Hepatic Resection
Abstract
Liver Biopsy
Incision for Liver Operations
Morphologic and Functional Anatomy
Preoperative Evaluation of Hepatic Reserve
Intraoperative Assessment
General Maneuvers for Hepatectomy
Major Hepatectomies
Segmental Resections
Wedge Resections
Laparoscopic Liver Resection
Postoperative Management
Postoperative Complications
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
125 Minimally Invasive Techniques of Hepatic Resection
Abstract
Indications for Laparoscopic Liver Surgery
Technical Approaches to Laparoscopic Liver Resection
Clinical Benefits of Laparoscopic Liver Surgery
Oncologic Outcomes for Laparoscopic Liver Resection
Economic Aspects of Laparoscopic Liver Surgery
Summary
References
126 Ablative Therapies for Hepatic Neoplasms
Abstract
Radiofrequency Ablation
Radiofrequency Ablation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Radiofrequency Ablation in Colorectal Cancer Metastases
Microwave Ablation
High-Intensity–Focused Ultrasound Ablation
Irreversible Electroporation
Laser Ablation
Cryoablation
Percutaneous Ethanol Injection
Conclusion
References
127 Hepatic Transplantation
Abstract
Epidemiology
Etiologies of End-Stage Liver Disease
Hepatic Decompensation Secondary to Cirrhosis
Evaluation Process
Transplant Candidacy
Indications for Transplantation
Contraindications
Liver Allocation
Liver Transplant Procedure
Disease Recurrence
Liver Transplant Outcomes
Conclusion
References
128 Acute Liver Failure and Bioartificial Liver Support
Abstract
Definition
Etiology of Acute Liver Failure
Medical Therapy
Liver Support Systems
Future Efforts
Acknowledgment
References
129 Vascular Diseases of the Liver
Abstract
Hepatic Artery Disorders
Portal Vein Disorders
Hepatic Vein Disorders
Acknowledgment
References
130 Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Abstract
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Mechanisms of Liver Injury
Diagnosis and Treatment of Drug-Induced Liver Disease
Management of Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Conclusion
References
131 Benign Hepatic Neoplasms
Abstract
Hemangioma
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
Hepatic Adenoma
Other Benign Tumors
References
132 Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Abstract
Epidemiology and Etiology
Clinical Presentation of HCC
Laboratory Findings
Imaging
Staging
Management
References
133 Management of Primary Malignant Hepatic Neoplasms Other Than Hepatocellular Cancer
Abstract
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Combined Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Cholangiocarcinoma
Biliary Cystadenocarcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Liver
Primary Hepatic Sarcoma: Leiomyosarcoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Fibrosarcoma, Liposarcoma, Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma
Vascular Hepatic Malignancies
Summary
References
134 Management of Secondary Hepatic Neoplasms
Abstract
Colorectal Cancer Metastases
Neuroendocrine Metastases
Noncolorectal, Nonneuroendocrine Metastases
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
135 Management of Portal Hypertension
Abstract
History
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Etiology of Portal Hypertension
Clinical Manifestation of Portal Hypertension
Management of Variceal Bleeding
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
Surgical Shunts
Esophageal Devascularization
Ascites
Pulmonary Syndromes in Liver Disease
References
Part Four Spleen
136 Anatomy and Physiology of the Spleen
Abstract
Embryology
Anatomy
Blood Supply, Lymphatic Drainage, and Innervation
Histology of the Spleen
Functions of the Spleen
References
137 Technique of Splenectomy
Abstract
Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation
Technical Considerations
Postoperative Care
References
138 Minimally Invasive Surgical and Image-Guided Interventional Approaches to the Spleen
Abstract
Minimally Invasive Surgery for the Spleen
Image-Guided Interventional Therapy for the Spleen
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
139 Management of Splenic Trauma in Adults
Abstract
Diagnosis
Nonoperative Management
Operative Management
Postoperative Considerations
References
140 Splenic Trauma in Children
Abstract
Spleen Anatomy and Physiology
Evaluation of Splenic Trauma in the Child
Operative Management
Nonoperative Management
Outcomes
Acknowledgments
References
141 Splenectomy for Conditions Other Than Trauma
Abstract
Splenectomy for Hematologic Disorders
Splenectomy for Vascular Disorders
Splenectomy for Iatrogenic Injury
Splenectomy for Miscellaneous Disorders
Operative Considerations for Splenectomy
References
142 Cysts and Tumors of the Spleen
Abstract
Approach to the Splenic Mass
Cystic Lesions
Solid Tumors
Surgical Planning
Conclusion
References
Section IV Colon, Rectum, and Anus
Part One Anatomy, Physiology, and Diagnosis of Colorectal and Anal Diseases
143 Operative Anatomy of the Colon, Rectum, and Anus
Abstract
Surface Anatomy
References
144 Physiology of the Colon and Its Measurement
Abstract
Anatomy
Functions
Acknowledgments
References
145 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Colonoscopy
Abstract
Indications
Contraindications
Bowel Preparation
Sedation
Antibiotics
Anticoagulation
Insertion and Withdrawal
Improving Neoplasia Detection
Neoplasia Removal
Complications
Miscellaneous Complications
References
146 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Staging of Rectal Cancer
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Indications
Magnetic Resonance Imaging—Initial Staging
Summary of Initial Staging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Restaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging—Watch and Wait
Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Surgery
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Recurrence
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Limitations
Magnetic Resonance Imaging—the Future
References
147 Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Anorectal Disease
Abstract
Endorectal Ultrasound Technique for the Evaluation of Rectal Cancer
Normal Endorectal Ultrasound Rectal Anatomy
Endorenal Ultrasound Staging of Rectal Cancer
Endoanal Ultrasound Technique for the Evaluation of Anal Canal
Evaluation of Fistula and Abscess Disease
References
Part Two Benign Colon, Rectal, and Anal Conditions
148 Diagnosis and Management of Fecal Incontinence
Abstract
Evaluation
Treatment
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
149 Surgical Treatment of Dysmotility Disorders of the Colon
Abstract
Etiology
Evaluation
Treatment
Conclusion
References
150 Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
Abstract
Evaluation
Management of Pelvic Floor Disorders
Conclusion
References
151 Rectovaginal and Rectourethral Fistulas
Abstract
Rectovaginal Fistula
Rectourethral Fistulas
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
152 Current Approaches to Complete Rectal Prolapse and Internal Intussusception
Abstract
Historical Perspective
Presentation and Work-up
Acute Treatment
Transabdominal Options
Perineal Approaches
Perineal Proctosigmoidectomy (Altemeier Procedure)
Anorectal Mucosectomy With Muscular Plication (Delorme Procedure)
Thiersch Procedure
Comparison Between the Different Modalities
Management of Recurrence
Internal Intussusception (Internal Rectal Prolapse)
History
Pathophysiology
Physical Exam
Physiologic Testing and Diagnostic Imaging
Treatment
Conclusion
References
153 Pilonidal Disease and Perianal Hidradenitis
Abstract
Pilonidal Disease
Perianal Hidradenitis
References
154 Emergent Care of the Victim of Colorectal Trauma
Incidence
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
155 Colonic Intussusception and Volvulus
Abstract
Colonic Intussusception
Volvulus
References
156 Colonic Bleeding and Ischemia
Abstract
Colonic Bleeding
Colonic Ischemia
References
157 Diverticular Disease Management
Abstract
Terminology
Pathophysiology and Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Clinical Features/Differential Diagnosis
Treatment of Diverticular Disease
Surgical Treatment
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
158 Hemorrhoids and Rectoceles
Abstract
Anatomy and Etiology
Clinical Evaluation
Nonoperative Treatment
Thrombosed External Hemorrhoids
Excisional Hemorrhoidectomy
Instrumentation for Excisional Hemorrhoidectomy
Procedure for Prolapsing Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoidal Arterial Ligation
Postoperative Management After Hemorrhoid Surgery
Summary
Rectocele
References
159 Fissure-in-Ano
Abstract
Etiology
Diagnosis
Nonsurgical Management
Surgical Therapy
Conclusion
References
160 Anal Fistula Management
Etiology
Classification
Diagnosis
Treatment
Postoperative Care
Complications
Emerging Technologies for Fistula Repair
Special Considerations
References
Part Three Inflammatory Diseases
161 Concepts in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Management
Abstract
Genetics
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Phenotypic Variability of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Variation in Care and Quality Improvement in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Chronic Disease Management in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Principles of Medical Therapy
Classes of Medical Therapies
Medical Therapies
Principles of Surgical Management
Indications for Surgery
Optimizing Surgical Outcomes
Preoperative Medications
Intraabdominal Infection
Surgical Considerations
Special Considerations in Crohn Disease
Prevention of Postoperative Recurrence
Conclusion
References
162 Operative Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis
Abstract
Indications for Elective Surgery
Indications for Emergency Surgery
Impact of Biologic Agents
Restorative Proctocolectomy With Ileal Pouch–Anal Anastomosis
Management of Pouch-Specific Postoperative Complications
Long-Term Complications
Alternatives to Ileal Pouch–Anal Anastomosis
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
163 Surgery for Crohn Disease
Abstract
Medical Treatment of Crohn Disease
Indications for Surgery
Preoperative Considerations
Initial Operation
Operative Considerations Based on Phenotype
Inflammatory Crohn Disease
Operative Considerations and Disease-Specific Scenarios
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
164 Appendix
Abstract
Acute Appendicitis
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Special Populations
Treatment
Interval Appendectomy
Appendiceal Neoplasms
Acknowledgments
References
Part Four Neoplastic Disease
165 Inherited Colorectal Cancer and the Genetics of Colorectal Cancer
Abstract
Genetic Basis of Colorectal Cancer
Why Colorectal Cancers Are so Heterogeneous
Inherited Colorectal Cancer Syndromes
References
166 Basic Principles of the Operative Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
Abstract
General Principles
Localized Colon Cancer
Localized Rectal Cancer
References
167 A Transanal Approaches to Early Rectal Cancers
Abstract
Patient Selection and Preoperative Investigations
Technical Aspects/Operative Technique for Transanal Minimally Invasive Surgery
Postoperative Care
Complications
Follow-Up
Outcome/Current Results
Conclusion
References
167 B Transanal Approaches to Early Rectal Cancer
Abstract
Early Rectal Cancer: Definition
Conventional Transanal Excision/Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery
Conventional Transanal Excision
Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery
Conventional Transanal Excision or Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery for Early Rectal Cancer?
Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery for T2N0 Rectal Cancer
Conclusion
References
168 Operations for Rectal Cancer
Abstract
Anatomic Highlights
Preoperative Staging
Neoadjuvant Treatment
Preoperative Preparation
Surgical Management of Rectal Cancer
Open Low Anterior Resection
Laparoscopic, Hand-Assisted, and Single Port Low Anterior Resection
Robotic-Assisted Low Anterior Resection
Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision
Complications of Low Anterior Resection
Oncologic Outcomes
Functional Outcomes
High Versus Low Ligation of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Assessment of Bowel Perfusion
Conclusion
References
169 Abdominoperineal Resection for Rectal Cancer
Abstract
Tumor-Specific Approaches
Surgical Anatomy
Procedure and Operative Tips
Complications
Summary
References
170 Minimally Invasive Approaches to Colon Cancer
Short-Term Outcomes
Long-Term Outcomes
Quality of Life
Cost
Additional Considerations
Technique and Pearls of Wisdom
Laparoscopic Left Colectomy/Sigmoid Resection for Colon Cancer
Conclusion
References
171 Recurrent and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Abstract
Tumor Relapse
Pulmonary Metastasis
Conclusion
References
172 Management of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer to the Liver
Abstract
Evolution of Treatment for Colorectal Metastasis
Patient Selection
Factors Determining Resectability
Pretherapeutic Imaging Evaluation
General Principles for Resection
Surgical Approach
Types of Surgical Treatment for Hepatic Metastasis
Postoperative Care
Surgical Outcomes and Complications
Nonresectional Treatment for Hepatic Metastasis
Recurrence and Repeat Hepatic Resection
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
173 Neoplasms of the Anus
Abstract
Anatomy
Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Presentation and Diagnosis
Diagnostic Imaging
Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography
Staging
Treatment
Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy
Prognosis and Prognostic Factors
Follow-Up and Surveillance
Salvage Surgery
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
Anal Canal Adenocarcinomas
Perianal Lesions
Perianal Cancers
Anorectal Melanoma
Buschke-Löwenstein Tumors
Paget Disease
Basal Cell Carcinomas
References
174 Retrorectal Tumors
Abstract
Anatomy
Classification of Retrorectal Tumors
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Tumor-Specific Features
Surgical Intervention and Approach
Algorithm
References
175 Rare Colorectal Malignancies
Abstract
Epithelial Tumors
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Lymphoid Tumors of the Colon and Rectum
Other Miscellaneous Tumors
Summary
References
176 Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Therapy for Colorectal Cancer
Abstract
Molecular Pathways Involved in Colorectal Cancer
Adjuvant Treatment in Stage II and III Colon Cancer
Molecular Biomarkers in Colon Cancer
Neoadjuvant Treatment in Rectal Cancer
Adjuvant Treatment in Rectal Cancer
Summary
References
Part Five Techniques and Pearls
177 Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Anastomotic Leak
Abstract
Incidence and Consequences of Anastomotic Leak
Definition of Anastomotic Leak
Prevention
Diagnosis
Management
Summary
References
178 Ostomy Construction and Management
Abstract
Indications
Preoperative Considerations
Operative Techniques
Enterostomal Therapy
Complications
Acknowledgment
Suggested Readings
References
179 Reducing the Risk of Infection in the Elective and Emergent Colectomy Patient
Abstract
Surgical Site Infection
Pathogenesis and Microbiologyof Surgical Site Infections in Colorectal Surgery
Preoperative Measures for Prevention of Surgical Site Infections in Colorectal Surgery
Intraoperative Measures for Prevention of Surgical Site Infections in Colorectal Surgery
Postoperative Measures for Prevention of Surgical Site Infections in Colorectal Surgery
Reducing the Risk of Other Infections
Conclusion
References
180 Reoperative Pelvic Surgery
Abstract
Anatomy and Pitfalls of the Reoperative Pelvis
Timing of Surgery
Preparation for Surgery
Surgical Technique
Ureters
Bladder
Rectal Stump
Vagina
Bleeding
Drains
Specific Indications/Procedures
References
181 Evidence-Based Decision Making in Colon and Rectal Surgery
Enhanced Recovery Pathways
Mechanical Bowel Preparation
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Postoperative Oral Intake
Mu-Opioid Receptor Antagonists
Venous Thromboembolic Prophylaxis
References
Index