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Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition
3rd Edition - December 28, 2012
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 7 5 0 8 3 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 8 4 8 8 5 - 7
The role of nutrition in improving quality of life and combating disease is undeniable — and researchers from different disciplines are bringing their perspectives to bear on this… Read more
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The role of nutrition in improving quality of life and combating disease is undeniable — and researchers from different disciplines are bringing their perspectives to bear on this fundamental topic.
The 4-volume Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition, Third Edition, is a thorough revision of the previous award-winning version and reflects the scientific advances in the field of human nutrition. It presents the latest understanding on a wide range of nutrition-related topics including food safety, weight management, vitamins, bioengineering of foods, plant based diet and raw foods among others. New articles on organic food, biofortification, nutritional labeling and the effect of religious customs on diet, among many others, reflect the dedication to currency in this revision. It not only contains the most current and thorough information available on the topic, but also contains broader cross-referencing on emerging opportunities for potential treatment and prevention of diseases.An ideal starting point for scientific research, Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition, Third Edition, continues to provide authoritative information in an accessible format, making this complex discipline available to readers at both the professional and non-professional level.
- Selected for inclusion in Doody's Core Titles 2013, an essential collection development tool for health sciences libraries
- Approximately 30% new content ensures readers have the latest research information
- Extensive cross-referencing provides key connections between topics in this multidisciplinary field
- Presents current information on relationships between disease and nutrition
- Covers thoroughly topics ranging from nutrient biochemistry and function to clinical nutrition and the epidemiology of diet, health and disease.
Nutritionists, clinical nutritionists, dietitians and allied health workers will all find this MRW useful. Libraries including university, medical school, public; food industry corporations; and government sectors dealing with nutritional policies will want this MRW in their library
Editor-In-Chief Biography
Co-Editors Biography
Editorial Advisory Board
Preface
Permission Acknowledgments
Volume 1
A
Adipose Tissue: Structure, Function and Metabolism
Abbreviations
Glossary
Introduction
Development
Structure
Distribution
Function
Regulation of Metabolism
See also
Further Reading
Adolescents: Nutritional Problems of Adolescents
Introduction: Normal Adolescent Growth and Diet
Obesity
Eating Disorders
Other Nutritional Diseases
Specific Nutrient Requirements
Calcium
Iron
Folate
Zinc and Other Minerals
Further Reading
Adolescents: Requirements for Growth and Optimal Health
Abbreviations
Glossary
Introduction
Physical Changes During Adolescence
Dietary Recommendations
Dietary Intakes
Impact of Lifestyle on Nutrition
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
See also
Further Reading
Aging
Glossary
Introduction
Theories of Aging
Age-Related Diseases
Modification of the Aging Process
See also
Further Reading
Alcohol: Absorption, Metabolism, and Physiological Effects
Glossary
Physical Properties of Ethanol
Absorption and Distribution of Alcohol
Metabolism of Alcohol
Nonoxidative Metabolism of Alcohol
Blood Ethanol Concentration
Factors Affecting Blood Ethanol Concentration
Physiological Effects of Alcohol
Effects of Acetate
See also
Further Reading
Alcohol: Effects of Consumption on Diet and Nutritional Status
Glossary
Introduction
Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Dietary Intake
The Potential Benefits of Moderate Alcohol Consumption
The Risks of Excessive Alcohol Consumption
Anemia
The Effects of Chronic Alcohol Consumption on Nutritional Status
Further Reading
Aluminum
Glossary
Properties and Natural Occurrence
Nonfood Uses
Food Uses of Aluminum Compounds
Aluminum in Beverages and Foods
Aluminum in Foods from Processing, Packaging, and Storage
Exposure and Dietary Intake
Bioavailability and Biotransformation
Biokinetics of Aluminum in Blood
Aluminum Tissue Deposition and Body Retention
Aluminum Excretion
Toxicity of Systemic Aluminum
See also
Further Reading
Amino Acids: Chemistry and Classification
Introduction
Chemical Structures and Nomenclature
Post-Translational Modification
Nonprotein Amino Acids
Peptides
Analysis
Classification
See also
Further Reading
Amino acids: Metabolism
Introduction
Amino Acid Supply
Disposal of Amino Acids
Interorgan Exchange of Amino Acids
See also
Further Reading
Amino Acids: Specific Functions
Glossary
Introduction
Amino Acid Flux, Concentration, and Function
Amino Acid Deficiencies and Supplementation
Assessment of Amino Acid Function
Alanine
Arginine, Citrulline, Ornithine, and Proline
Asparagine and Aspartic Acid
Cysteine, Cystine, Methionine, and Taurine
Glutamine, Glutamic acid, and Ornithine-α-Ketoglutarate
Glycine, Serine, and Threonine
Histidine
Branched Chain Amino Acids (Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine)
Lysine
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine
Tryptophan
See also
Further Reading
Antioxidants
Introduction
Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer
Other Diseases Associated with Oxidative Damage
Possible Explanations for the Disagreement between the Findings of Observational Studies and Clinical Trials
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Appetite: Physiological and Neurobiological Aspects
Glossary
Appetite Expression
Interrelated Levels of the System
Psychological Experiences: Hunger, Satiety, and the Satiety Cascade
Central Neural Processes: Structure of the Appetite System
Peripheral Physiological Signals
Integration of Episodic and Tonic Signals Within the CNS
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Appetite: Psychobiological and Behavioral Aspects
Glossary
The Nature of Feeding Behavior and Appetite Control
Learned Appetites, Satieties, and Feeding Behavior
Methodological Issues
Meal Patterns, Appetite, and Energy Balance
Social and Situational Influences on Feeding Behavior
Diet Composition and Appetite
How do Macronutrients and Energy Density Affect Satiety?
Diet Composition and Satiety to Prevent Weight Gain
See also
Further Reading
Arthritis
Definitions and Etiology
Prevalence
Clinical Features
Role of Diet in the Management of Inflammatory Arthritis
Conclusions
Role of Diet in the Management and Prevention of Degenerative Arthritis
See also
Further Reading
Vitamin C: Deficiency States
Glossary
Scurvy: The History and Discovery of Vitamin C
Degradation, Turnover, and Factors that Induce Increased Requirements for Vitamin C
Well-Established Metabolic Functions of Vitamin C that are Impaired by Deficiency
Measurement of Vitamin C Status; Biochemical Tests for Adequacy and Deficiency
Occurrence of Low Intakes and Poor Biochemical Status in Present-Day Societies
See also
Further Reading
Vitamin C: Physiology, Dietary Sources, and Requirements
Glossary
Introduction
Absorption, Transport, and Storage
Metabolism and Excretion
Metabolic Functions of Ascorbic Acid
Assessment of Vitamin C Status
Requirements
Dietary Sources and High Intakes
See also
Further Reading
Asthma
Glossary
Epidemiology
Definition of Asthma
Development and Pathophysiology of Asthma
Development of Asthma: The Roles of Vitamins A and D
Development of Asthma: The Role of Breastfeeding
Development of Asthma: The Importance of Probiotics and Intestinal Flora
Management of Chronic Asthma
Management of Asthma: Nutritional Influences and Genetics
Fatty Acids in Asthma
Obesity and Asthma
Amino Acid Supplementation and Asthma
Vitamins and Antioxidants in Asthma
Dietary Minerals and Asthma
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
B
Behavior: Effects of Diet on Behavior
Glossary
Introduction
Effects of Meals
Carbohydrates, Stress, Mood, and Mental Function
Glucose, Mood, and Mental Function
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Beverages and Health
Glossary
Introduction
Coffee and Tea
Milk
100% Fruit or Vegetable Juice
Soft Drinks
Summary
Further Reading
Bioavailability
Glossary
Introduction
Nonheme Iron Bioavailability
Bioavailability of Provitamin A Carotenoids
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Biochemical Indices
Glossary
Introduction
Protein Nutritional Status
Essential Fatty Acid Status
Vitamin Nutritional Status
Essential Mineral and Trace Element Nutritional Status
Choice of Laboratory Tests
Evaluation of Laboratory Indices
Conclusions and Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Biofortification
Glossary
Biofortification as a Public Health Nutrition Intervention
Processes Used to Achieve Biofortification
The Potential of Biofortification to Improve Nutritional Status
See also
Further Reading
Biotin: Physiology, Dietary Sources, and Requirements
Glossary
Biotin is a Vitamin
Digestion of Protein-Bound Biotin
Intestinal Absorption
Transport from the Intestine to Peripheral Tissues
Biotin uptake by Liver and most Peripheral Tissues
Biotin Transport
Metabolism and Urinary Excretion of Biotin and Metabolites
Biliary Excretion of Biotin and Metabolites
Metabolic Functions
Biotin Deficiency Diseases
Potential Role for Biotin in Gene Expression
Assessment of Biotin Status
Requirements and Allowances
Dietary Sources, Deficiency, and High Intakes
Pharmacology
See also
Further Reading
Body Composition
Glossary
Introduction
Body Composition Determination
DXA
Hydrodensitometry/Air Plethysmography
Dilution Techniques
Whole-Body Counting
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Quantitative Magnetic Resonance (QMR)
Bioimpedance Analysis (BIA)
Anthropometry
Body Mass Index (BMI)
In Vivo Neutron Activation
Models in Body Composition
Tissues and Organs
Body Composition Applications During Growth
Body Composition Applications During Aging
Physiological Application: Two Examples
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
See also
Further Reading
Brain and Nervous System: Biology, Metabolism, and Nutritional Requirements
Glossary
Design of the Nervous System
The Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB)
Energy Substrates
Amino Acids and Protein
Fatty Acids and Choline
Vitamins
Minerals
Further Reading
Breast Feeding
Breast Feeding Recommendations
Breast Milk Composition and Volume
Risks of not Breast Feeding
Promotion of Breast Feeding
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Infant Feeding
Global Breast Feeding Practices
Further Reading
Burns Patients
Glossary
Introduction
Nutritional Requirements
Balance of Energy-Producing Substrates
Nutritional Management
Route of Feeding
Nutritional Monitoring
See also
Further Reading
C
Caffeine
Glossary
Caffeine Pharmacokinetics
Mechanisms of Action
Physiological and Health Effects of Caffeine
Caffeine and Performance
Caffeine and Exercise
Caffeine Genetics
Caffeine Subjective Effects
Caffeine Reinforcement
Caffeine Withdrawal
Caffeine Tolerance
Caffeine Intoxication
Caffeine-Induced Sleep Disorder
Caffeine-Induced Anxiety Disorder
Caffeine Dependence
Caffeine and Food
Acknowledgments
See also
Further Reading
Calcium
Glossary
Introduction
Functions
Dietary Calcium Intake
Metabolism
Health Consequences of Calcium Deficiency
Health Consequences of Calcium Excess
See also
Further Reading
Cancer: Carcinogenic Substances in Food
Glossary
Introduction
Naturally Occurring Carcinogens
Carcinogens Produced by Food Processing
Mechanisms of Carcinogenicity
Metabolic Activation of Epigenetic Carcinogens
Carcinogenicity Tests
Monitoring and Control of Hazards
See also
Further Reading
Cancer: Dietary Management
Glossary
Nutritional Support
Practical Management of Eating Difficulties
The Potential Therapeutic Role of Vitamins
See also
Further Reading
Cancer: Epidemiology and Associations Between Diet and Cancer
Glossary
Sources of Evidence Linking Diet and Cancer
Epidemiological Issues in the Study of Diet and Cancer
Summary of Known Relations Between Diet and Cancer
See also
Further Reading
Cancer: Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Cancers Other than Colorectal Cancers
Esophageal Cancer
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Cancer: Epidemiology of Lung Cancer
Glossary
Lung Cancer
Diet
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Carbohydrates: Chemistry and Classification
Glossary
Introduction
Classification
Nutritional Importance
Chemistry
See also
Further Reading
Carbohydrates: Regulation of Metabolism
Glossary
Introduction
Carbohydrates and Energy Metabolism
Glucose Production by the Liver and Kidneys (Glycogen)
Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Diseases of Carbohydrate Metabolism
See also
Further Reading
Carbohydrates: Requirements and Dietary Importance
Glossary
Introduction
Dietary Sources and Intakes
Health Effects of Carbohydrates
Low-Carbohydrate Diets
Requirements and Recommendations
See also
Further Reading
Carotenoids: Chemistry, Sources and Physiology
Glossary
Chemistry
Reactions
Dietary Sources
Effects of Storage and Processing
Physiology
Mechanisms Affecting Human Health
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Carotenoids: Health Effects
Glossary
Introduction
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Celiac Disease
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Adaptive Immune Response to Gluten
Innate Immune Response
Triggers for Lack of Tolerance to Gliadin
Epidemiology of Celiac Disease
Associated Disorders
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Serological Screening Tests
Treatment
The Gluten-Free Diet
Bone Metabolism
Complications
Malignant Complications of Celiac Disease
Nonmalignant Complications of Celiac Disease
See also
Further Reading
Cereal Grains
Glossary
Introduction
Types of Cereal and their Role in the Diet
Energy, Macronutrient, and Fiber Content
Micronutrient Content
Nonnutrients of Potential Benefit
Potential Adverse Effects
See also
Further Reading
Cerebral palsy: Nutritional Aspects
Glossary
Definition and Etiology
Nutritional Assessment
Assessment of Feeding Skills and Safety
Feeding Issues
See also
Further Reading
Children: Nutritional Requirements
Abbreviations
Introduction
Methodology for Definition of Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Intakes
Physical Activity
Bone Minerals: Phosphorous, Calcium, and Magnesium
Essential Trace Elements
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
See also
Further Reading
Cholesterol: Factors Determining Blood Levels
Introduction
Serum Lipoproteins
Chylomicrons
Very-Low-Densisty Lipoproteins
Low-Density Lipoproteins
High-Density Lipoproteins
Dietary Regulation of Serum Lipoproteins
Dietary Cholesterol
Macronutrient Composition of the Diet
Energy Balance
Other Factors Affecting Serum Lipoproteins
See also
Further Reading
Cholesterol: Sources, Absorption, Function, and Metabolism
Absorption, Transport, and Storage
Biosynthesis
Metabolic Function
Dietary Sources
See also
Further Reading
Choline and Phosphatidylcholine
Glossary
Introduction
Metabolism and Biochemistry
Dietary Requirements and Food Sources
Functional Consequences of Dietary Choline Availability
Genetic Variations Influence Dietary Requirements
Roles in the Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression
Detection Methods
See also
Further Reading
Chromium
Glossary
Essentiality and Metabolic Functions of Chromium
Mechanism of Action
Recent Advances
Not all People Respond to Supplemental Chromium
Chromium and Stress
Dietary Intake and Requirements of Chromium
Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretion
Dietary Sources
Safety of Chromium
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Cofactors: Inorganic
Glossary
Introduction
History
Macro- Versus Microminerals
Metal-activated Versus Metalloenzymes
Individual Metal Cofactors
Nonmetal Mineral Cofactors
Conclusions
See also
Further reading
Cofactors: Organic
Glossary
Introduction
History
Cofactors in Biochemical Pathways
Specific Vitamins as Cofactors
Nonvitamin Cofactors
Other
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Colon: Structure, Function, and Disorders
Glossary
Structure and Function
Function
Disorders of the Colon
Further Reading
Copper
Introduction
Copper Function
Dietary Sources and Reference Values
Copper Trafficking and Kinetics
Copper Absorption
Copper Distribution
Copper Excretion and Homeostasis
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Measuring Copper Status
Copper Deficiency
Copper Excess
Conclusion
Further Reading
Coronary Heart Disease: Lipid Theory
Introduction
Determinants of Serum Cholesterol – Cholesterol and Cholesterolemia
Protein
Fiber
Variations in Cholesterol Levels
See also
Further Reading
Coronary Heart Disease: Prevention
Abbreviations
Introduction
Global Trends in CHD as a Reflection of Nutrition Transition
Understanding the Links between Nutrition and CHD
Nutrients and CHD
Food Items
Composite Diets and CHD
Prevention Pathways
See also
Further Reading
Cystic Fibrosis
Definition and Etiology
Prevalence
Prognosis
Clinical Features
Nutritional Management
Dietary Management of CF
Dietary Supplements
Enteral Feeding
Specific Dietary Considerations
Body Composition Studies in CF
Assessment of Nutritional Status
Vitamin Status in CF
Mineral Status in CF
The Oxidant/Antioxidant Imbalance in CF Patients
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Cytokines: Nutritional Aspects
Chemistry and Classification
Metabolism and Metabolic Functions
Role in Disease and Disease Processes
Influence of Genetic Factors on Inflammatory Processes
Influence of Nutrients on Cytokine Biology
Influence of Fats on Cytokine Production and Effects
Modulation of Cytokine Biology by Amino Acid and Protein Intake
Modulation of Cytokine Biology by Micronutrients
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Volume 2
D
Dehydration
Glossary
Physiological Functions of Water
Development of Dehydration
Pathophysiology of Dehydration
Management of Dehydration
Groups at Risk for Dehydration
Prevention of Dehydration
See also
Further Reading
Dental Disease: Etiology and Epidemiology
Glossary
Enamel Defects
Dental Caries, Erosion, and Gum Disease
Protection from and Prevention of Dental Caries
Epidemiology
Further Reading
Diabetes Mellitus: Classification and Chemical Pathology
Glossary
Introduction
Definition
Diagnostic Criteria in the NonPregnant Patient
Classification
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Secondary Diabetes Mellitus/Other Specific Types
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Pathophysiology of Diabetes
See also
Further Reading
Diabetes Mellitus: Dietary Management
Overall Objectives in the Management of Diabetes
Dietary Approaches to Diabetes
Effects of Ingested Nutrients on Blood Glucose
Major Non-nutrient Factors that Regulate Blood Glucose
Dietary Prevention and Management of Comorbidities
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Diabetes Mellitus: Etiology and Epidemiology
Introduction
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Other Types of Diabetes
See also
Further Reading
Diarrheal Diseases
Glossary
Introduction
Definition of Diarrhea
Pathophysiology of Diarrhea
Causes of Diarrhea
Management
Risk Factors
Intervention Studies
Prevention and Control
See also
Further Reading
Dietary Fiber: Physiological Effects and Health Outcomes
Glossary
Introduction
The Evolution of the Dietary Fiber Concept
Large Bowel Bacterial Fermentation and the Health Effects of Fiber
Evidence for the Health Benefits of Dietary Fiber
Physiological Actions of Dietary Fiber and Improved Health Outcomes
Specific Actions of Fiber
Conclusions
Further Reading
Dietary Fiber: Role in Nutritional Management of Disease
Glossary
Introduction
Hyperlipidemia
Diabetes
Bowel Disorders
See also
Further Reading
Dietary Guidelines, International Perspectives
Introduction
Historical Background
Types of Guidelines
The Development of FBDG
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Dietary intake measurement: Methodology
Glossary
Introduction
Dietary Intake Measurements
Methods for Measuring Food Consumption at the National Level
Methods for Estimating Dietary Intake at the Household Level: Household Budget Surveys
Individual Dietary Intake Methods
Use of Data and Conversion of Reported Intake to Nutrients and Food Types
Issues Associated with Measurement of Dietary Intake
Future Developments
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Dietary Modulation of Inflammation
Glossary
Introduction
What Mediates Inflammation?
Resolution of Inflammation by Negative Regulators of PRRs
Modulation of PRR-Mediated Inflammation by Dietary Components and Metabolic Intermediates
Postprandial Inflammation: Blood Monocyte Activation
Monocyte Activation: PRR (TLR4 and NOD2)-Mediated Expression of Prointerleukin-1β and Inflammasome-Mediated Secretion of Mature Interleukin-1β
Inhibition of PRR Activation by Bioactive Phytochemicals
See also
Further Reading
Dietary Surveys: Surveys of Food Intake in Groups and Individuals
Glossary
Research Questions and Data Needs
Issues in Survey Design
Selection of Dietary Assessment Measure
Data Analysis and Limitations
See also
Further Reading
Down’s Syndrome: Nutritional Aspects
Glossary
Nutritional Status
Laboratory Assessment
Anthropometric Assessment
Nutritional Requirements
Dietary Management
Obesity
Celiac Disease
Ageing
Care in the Community
See also
Further Reading
Drug–Nutrient Interactions
Glossary
Introduction
Interactions Affecting Transport, Metabolism, and Excretion
Host-related Functional Interactions
Major Drug–Nutrient Interactions of Clinical Relevance
Herb–Drug Interactions
Further Reading
E
Early origins of disease: Fetal
Glossary
Introduction
Epidemiological Data
Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis
Evidence from Human Studies
Animal Models
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Early Origins of Disease: Non-Fetal
Introduction
Long-Term Effects of Infant Feeding
Postnatal Growth and Later Risk of Disease
See also
Further Reading
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa
Classification of Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Other Clinical Characteristics
Laboratory Investigations
Endocrine Changes
Inflammatory Cytokines
Hypothalamic Control of Hunger in Anorexia Nervosa
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
See also
Further Reading
Eating disorders: Binge Eating
Glossary
Introduction
Assessment of Binge Eating
Comorbidity
Treatment of Binge Eating
Summary
Further Reading
Eating Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa
Introduction
Diagnostic Criteria
Psychopathology
Etiology
Groups at Risk
Nutritional Findings
Dietary Management
Long-Term Prognosis
See also
Further Reading
Eggs
Egg Types
Egg Macronutrient and Micronutrient Content and Distribution
Egg Protein
Egg Lipids
Egg Vitamins
Egg Minerals
Egg Choline
Egg Carotenes
Egg Cholesterol
Allergenic Aspects of Egg Proteins
Specialty Eggs
Egg Food Safety
Role of Eggs in the Diet
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Electrolytes: Acid–Base Balance
Glossary
Definitions, Acids, Bases, and Buffers
Maintenance of the pH of Blood and Extracellular Fluids
Regulation
Measurement of Urinary Acid Excretion
Effects of Acid–Base Disturbance
Abnormalities in Acid–Base Balance
Compensation
Treatment
Transporter Mechanisms: Physiology and Pathophysiology
See also
Further Reading
Energy Expenditure: Doubly Labeled Water
Glossary
Instrumentation
Uses for the Doubly Labeled Water Method
Further Reading
Energy Expenditure: Indirect Calorimetry
Glossary
Introduction
Laboratory Methods
Field Methods
Tracer Methods of Indirect Calorimetry
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Energy Metabolism
Glossary
Cellular Respiration and Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Glycolysis
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (also known as the TCA Cycle, Citric Acid Cycle, or Kreb’s Cycle)
The Electron Transfer Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation)
Energy Metabolism of Other Nutrients
Overview of Fat Metabolism
Protein Metabolism
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen Metabolism
See also
Further Reading
Energy Requirements
Glossary
Definition of Energy Requirements
The Difficulty of Estimating Energy Requirements by Measuring Food Intake
An Assessment of Food Needs by Estimating or Measuring Energy Use
Factors Affecting Metabolic Rate
The Components of Metabolic Rate
Postprandial Thermogenesis
Extra Energy Costs of Growth, Pregnancy and Lactation
See also
Further Reading
Energy: Adaptation
Abbreviations
Glossary
Energy Adaptation: Beyond Mass Action
Energy Adaptation: InterIndividual Variability
Adaptive Thermogenesis at Rest and During Movements
Spontaneous Physical Activity
Efficiency of Muscle Work
Interactions between Resting and Nonresting Energy Expenditure
Autoregulation of Body Weight and Body Composition
A Compartmental Model
Biological Significance
Energy Adaptation During a Longitudinal Human Study of Weight Fluctuations
Energy Adaptation and Susceptibility to Leanness and Fatness
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgment
See also
Further Reading
ENERGY: Balance
Introduction
Energy Balance: Definition
Model of Energy Balance: A Dynamic State
Gross and Metabolizable Energy
Total Energy Expenditure and its Components
Basal Metabolic Rate or Resting Metabolic Rate
Thermic Effect of Food or Postprandial Thermogenesis, Nonshivering Thermogenesis
Energy Expenditure Due to Physical Activity
Macronutrient Balance, Energy Balance, and Storage
Energy Imbalance and Body Weight
Timescale of Energy Balance
Overfeeding Studies
Underfeeding Studies
Energy Expenditure is Less Effective than Food Intake as a Control Mechanism of Energy Balance
Dynamics of Energy Balance with Overfeeding and Underfeeding (Figure 10)
Summary
See also
Further Reading
F
Famine: Causes, Consequences, and Responses
Famines in History
Definition
Causes
Coping Strategies
Government and International Responses
See also
Further Reading
Fats and Oils
Glossary
Dietary Fats and Oils – The Good, Bad, and Ugly
Lipids – In Food and in the Body
Dietary Fats and Oils
Dietary Fat and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Composition of Dietary Fats
Dietary Guidance
Summary
Further Reading
Fatty acids: Health Effects of Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Abbreviations
Glossary
Introduction
Structure, Function, and Nutritional Requirements
Endothelial Function, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Disease
Eicosanoids: Relevance to Endothelial Function, Thrombosis, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis
n-6 Fatty Acids and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Conclusions
Further Reading
Fatty Acids: Health Effects of Saturated Fatty Acids
Glossary
Cholesterol Metabolism
Platelet Aggregation
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Fatty acids: Metabolism
Glossary
Introduction
Fatty Acid Nomenclature Conventions
Physical Properties of Fatty Acids
Fatty Acid Activation
Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation
Peroxisomal Fatty Acid β-Oxidation
Fatty Acid α-Oxidation and ω-Oxidation
Fatty Acid de novo Synthesis
Fatty Acid Elongation
Fatty Acid Unsaturation and the Essential FAs
Fatty Acids as Components of Complex Lipids
Eicosanoid Synthesis
Fatty Acylation of Proteins
Vitamins and Fatty Acid Metabolism
Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism
See also
Further Reading
Fertility
Glossary
Fertility and Darwinian Fitness
Frisch and the Minimum Fatness Hypothesis
Energetics and Fecundity
Energy Status and Fecundity
Energy Balance and Fecundity
Energy Flux and Fecundity
Energetics and Pregnancy Outcomes
Energetics and Lactation
Central Regulatory Pathways
Peripheral Regulatory Pathways
Adaptation and Pathology in the Relationship of Energy Metabolism and Reproductive Physiology
Further Reading
Fiber: Physiological and Functional Effects
Glossary
Introduction
Sources and Types of Dietary Fiber
Fiber in the Digestive Tract
The Mouth and Pharynx
The Stomach
The Small Intestine
The Large Intestine
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Fiber: Resistant Starch and Oligosaccharides
Abbreviations
Glossary
Resistant Starch
Oligosaccharides
Resistant Starch, Oligosaccharides, or Just Dietary Fiber?
See also
Further Reading
Fish and seafood: Nutritional Value
Glossary
Introduction
General Characteristics of Finfish
General Characteristics of Shellfish
Nutritional Value of Fish and Shellfish
Fish Lipids
Omega-3 PUFA in Fish and Shellfish
Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN) Compounds in Fish
Fish Vitamins
Fish Minerals
See also
Further Reading
Folic Acid
Introduction
Chemistry and Biochemical Functions
Nutritional Aspects
Absorption, Transport, and Excretion
Deficiency and Excess
Biomarkers and Status Assessment
See also
Further Reading
Food Allergies: Diagnosis and Management
Documenting Possible Food Allergies
Documenting a Diagnosis of Food Allergy
Practical Diagnostic Difficulties
Diagnostic Tests
Management
The Role of the Dietitian
Drug Treatment in the Management of Food Allergy
Desensitization
See also
Further Reading
Food Choice: Behavioral Aspects
Introduction
Why do We Overeat?
Food Psychology and Eating Behavior
Three Myths of Mindless Eating
The Future of Mindless Eating
Further Reading
Food Composition Data
Glossary
Overview – Why Compile Food Composition Tables?
Procedures for Compiling Food Composition Data
Uses of Food Composition Data
Potential Limitations of Food Composition Data
Conferences on Food Composition Issues
See also
Further Reading
Food Culture
Glossary
Introduction and Definitions
History of Food in Culture
Food Folklore and Food Culture Today
Food, Culture, Folklore, and Evidence-Based Nutrition
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Food Fortification: Programs
Glossary
Mass Food Fortification: Programs
Further Reading
Food Fortification: Technological Aspects
Glossary
What is Food Fortification?
How does Food Fortification Work?
Which Factors Limit the Amount of Micronutrients in Fortified Foods?
Example of Estimating the Impact of Vitamin A Fortification in Uganda
Types of Food Fortification
What Else is Needed to Implement a Fortification Program?
See also
Further Reading
Food Intolerance
Definition of Food Intolerance
Principal Mechanisms and Pathophysiology of Food Intolerance
Food Storage
Practical Applications
See also
Further Reading
Food Safety: Bacterial Contamination
Glossary
Bacterial Toxins
Invasive Bacteria
Other Organisms
Prevention of Bacterial Food Poisoning
See also
Further Reading
Food Safety: Heavy Metals
Glossary
Lead
Mercury
Cadmium
Nickel and Bismuth
See also
Further Reading
Food Safety: Mycotoxins – Occurrence and Toxic Effects
Glossary
Introduction
Aflatoxins
Fumonisins
Ochratoxins
Trichothecenes
Other Mycotoxins
Summary
Further Reading
Food Safety: Other Contaminants
Background
Dioxins
Acrylamide
Perchlorate
Bisphenol A
See also
Further Reading
Food Safety: Pesticides
Glossary
Introduction
Why Do We Need Pesticides?
Types of Pesticides
Important Pesticide Groups
Control of Pesticides
MRL
Endocrine Disruption
Future Prospects
Further Reading
Food Security
Abbreviations
Glossary
Introduction
Framework and Definitions
Indicators and Classification of Food Security Status
Factors Affecting Food Security
Consequences of Food Insecurity
Mitigating the Consequences of Food Insecurity
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Fructose: Absorption and Metabolism
Abbreviations
Introduction
Properties and Sources of Fructose
Absorption of Fructose
Fructose Metabolism
Fructose and Lipid Metabolism
Fructose and Glucose Metabolism
Fructose and Diabetes
Fructose Consumption, Body Weight, and Obesity
Inborn Errors of Fructose Metabolism
Further Reading
Functional Foods: Health Effects and Clinical Applications
Glossary
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
G
Glucose: Chemistry and Dietary Sources
Glossary
Nomenclature and Chemical Structure
Glucose Oligosaccharides
Occurrence
Analysis
Physiology
Possible Effects of Prolonging Absorption Time of Carbohydrate
The Glycemic Index
Calculation of Mixed Meal or Total Day’s Glycogen Index
Calculation of Glycemic Load
See also
Further Reading
Glucose: Glucose Tolerance
Glossary
Definition and Impact of Glucose Tolerance
Glucose Tolerance Tests
Metabolic Basis for Oral Glucose Tolerance
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Glucose: Metabolism and Maintenance of Blood Glucose Level
Glossary
Glucose
Body Glucose Pool
Glucose Space
Blood Glucose
Effects of Feeding on Blood Glucose
Postabsorptive Stage
Gluconeogenesis
Hormones and Glucose Homeostasis
Counterregulatory Hormones
Glycosuria
See also
Further Reading
Glycemic Index
Background and Definition
Type of Dietary Carbohydrate and the Glycemic Index
Concerns Related to the Glycemic Index
Clinical Significance of Postprandial and Fasting Hyperglycemia in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Populations
Benefits of Low Glycemic Index Carbohydrates on Diabetic Control
Benefits of Low Glycemic Index Carbohydrates on CVD Risk Factors
Glycemic Index and the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Obesity and Glycemic Index
Pregnancy and Glycemic Index
Proposed Mechanism by which Dietary Carbohydrates/Glycemic Index Influence Insulin Resistance
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Growth and Development: Physiological Aspects
Glossary
Introduction
Growth of Fetal Size
Developmental Change of Fetal Body Composition
Regulation of Fetal Growth
Interpretation of Growth Curves
Extremes of Growth and Development: Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Macrosomia
Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Macrosomia
Further Reading
Growth Monitoring
Glossary
Introduction
Objectives and Activities
Monitoring Growth Successfully
Anthropometric Indicators
Growth References and Standards
Cutoff Points and Interpretation of Anthropometric Measurements
Accuracy of Anthropometric Measures
Interventions
See also
Further Reading
H
Health Disparities
Glossary
Nutrition and Health Inequities Epidemiology
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Homocysteine
Introduction
Structure and Forms
Biosynthesis and Metabolism
Regulation of Metabolism
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Homocysteine and Vascular Disease
Measurement of Blood Levels
See also
Further Reading
Hunger
Glossary
Definition
The Measurement of Hunger
Hunger and Satiety
Hunger: Physiological Determinants
Learning and Hunger
Hunger and Eating Behavior
Disorders of Hunger
See also
Further Reading
Hyperactivity: Nutritional Aspects
Glossary
Introduction
Diagnostic Issues
Treatments Other than Diet
Dietary Interventions
Objective Standards
Study Designs
Oligoallergenic Diet
Sugar Restriction
Feingold Diet
FA Supplementation
Zinc Supplementation
The Challenge of Dietary Interventions
Summary
Further Reading
Hyperlipidemia: Overview
Normal Lipid Metabolism
Classification of Hyperlipidemia
Dietary Effects
Recommendations
See also
Further Reading
Hyperlipidemia: Prevention and Management
Glossary
Assessing CVD Risk
Dietary Lipids: Approaches for the Prevention and Management of CVD
Saturated Fatty Acids
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Dietary Cholesterol
Other Dietary Considerations for the Prevention and Management of CVD
Plant Sterols (Phytosterols)
Vitamin Supplements
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Hypertension: Dietary Factors
Dietary Factors That Lower BP
Dietary Factors with Limited or Uncertain Effect on BP
Gene–Diet Interactions
Special Populations
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Hypoglycemia
Introduction
Brain Function and Hypoglycemia
The Blood Glucose Concentration
Mechanism of Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemic Syndromes
Neuroglycopenic Syndromes
Diagnosis
Dietary Management
Sepsis
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Volume 3
I
Inborn Errors of Metabolism: Classification and Biochemical Aspects
Abbreviations
Introduction
Newborn Screening
Disorders of Protein Metabolism
Disorders of Fatty Acid Oxidation
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Disorders of Micronutrient Metabolism
Further Reading
Inborn errors of metabolism: Nutritional Management of Phenylketonuria
Abbreviations
Introduction
Introduction of Dietary Therapy
Adequacy of Nutritional Therapy
Maternal PKU
Alternative Therapies
See also
Further Reading
Infection: Nutritional Management in Adults
Metabolic and Nutritional Changes in Patients with Infection
Glucose Utilization in Injury and Infection
Hepatic Glucose Metabolism
Protein Metabolism
Lipid Metabolism
Hormonal Response to Injury, Infection, and Cancer
Acute Phase Response
Urine Urea Nitrogen Loss as a Marker of Catabolism
Vitamin Deficiencies
Vitamin C and Vitamin A
Mineral Deficiencies
Magnesium
Zinc
Copper
Iron
Summary
Nutritional Assessment and Predictors of Hospital Outcome
Predictors of Clinical Outcome
ABC Score: An Acute Predictor of Hospital Survival in Patients with Infection, Injury, or Inflammation:
Nutritional Diagnoses Commonly Seen in Hospitalized Patients
Loss of Lean Body Mass
Elevated Resting Energy Expenditure
Nutritional Feeding of the Patient: Enteral versus Parenteral
Enteral versus Parenteral Feeding
Enteral Products
Energy Intake for Patients with Malnutrition
See also
Further Reading
Iodine: Deficiency Disorders and Prevention Programs
Glossary
Dietary Sources, Absorption, and Metabolism
Iodine Deficiency Disorders
Iodine Requirements
Assessment of Iodine Status
Prophylaxis and Treatment of Iodine Deficiency
Iodine Excess and Toxicity
Further Reading
Iodine: Physiology, Dietary Sources, and Requirements
Glossary
Ecology of Iodine
Absorption and Metabolism
Requirements and Dietary Sources of Iodine
Assessment of Iodine Status
See also
Further Reading
Iron: Physiology, Dietary Sources, and Requirements
Iron Chemistry and Physiology
Iron Nutrition
Dietary Iron
See also
Further Reading
K
Ketosis
Introduction
Formation of Ketone Bodies
Function of Ketone Bodies
Ketosis
Metabolic Acidosis
See also
Further Reading
L
Lactation: Dietary Requirements
Introduction
Rationale for Recommended Nutrient Intakes
Requirements and Dietary Recommendations
Minerals and Vitamins
See also
Further Reading
Lactation: Physiology
Glossary
Functional Anatomy of Lactation
Milk Composition
Synthesis and Secretion of Milk Components
Regulation of Milk Synthesis, Secretion, and Ejection
Changes in Milk Composition during Secretory Activation
Hormonal Control of Secretory Activation
Delays in Secretory Activation
Further Reading
Lactose Intolerance
Overview
Historical and Geographic Perspective
Lactase Nonpersistence
Lactose Digestion and Gastrointestinal Function
Prevalence
Secondary Lactase Deficiency
Lactose Digestion and Diet
Nutrition policy
Summary
Further Reading
Legumes
Glossary
Introduction
Legume Types
Grain Legume Nutritional Value
See also
Further Reading
Lipoproteins
Classification of Lipoproteins
Synthesis and Catabolism of Lipoproteins
Effects of Dietary Fats and Cholesterol on Lipoprotein Metabolism
Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism
General Guidelines for the Treatment of Lipoprotein Abnormalities for CHD Prevention
See also
Further Reading
Liver disorders: Nutritional Management
Glossary
Introduction
Nutritional Aspects and Liver Physiology in Normal Liver and Liver Diseases
Macronutrient Metabolism
Liver in Specific Hepatobiliary Disorders and Nutritional Management
Hepatobiliary Disorders
Metabolic Liver Disorders
Pregnancy and Liver Disease
Acute Liver Failure
Chronic Liver Disease
End Stage Liver Disease in Pre- and Post-Liver Transplantation
Further Reading
Low Birth Weight and Preterm Infants: Causes, Prevalence, and Prevention
Introduction
Assessment of Gestational Age and Fetal Growth. Methods and Limitations
Causes
Health Consequences
Epidemiology
Prevention
Nutritional Interventions to Prevent Preterm Delivery
Nutritional Interventions to Prevent IUGR
Conclusions
Low Birth Weight and Preterm Infants: Nutritional Management
Glossary
Introduction
Growth
Energy Needs
PN
Enteral Nutrition
Monitoring Nutritional Status
Preparation for Discharge
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Lung diseases
Glossary
Introduction
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
Asthma
Other Lung Diseases
See also
Further Reading
Lycopenes and Related Compounds
Introduction
Chemical and Physical Properties of Lycopene; its Food Sources and Enteric Absorption
Tissue Contents and Kinetics of Lycopene Turnover
Functional Properties and Tissue Health
Health, Research Models, and Epidemiological Evidence
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
M
Magnesium
Glossary
Magnesium Metabolism
Dietary Sources of Magnesium
Requirements
Magnesium Deficit
Magnesium Excess
Recommended Dietary Allowances
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Malabsorption Syndromes: Nutritional Management
Glossary
Introduction
Pathophysiology and Symptoms
General Nutritional Management of Malabsorption
Specific Nutritional Management of Malabsorption
Clinical Management of Malabsorption
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Malnutrition: Secondary, Diagnosis and Management
Glossary
Introduction
Coexistence of Primary and Secondary Malnutrition
The Reverse Paradigm: Underlying Pathology Revealed by Detection of Abnormal Nutrition
Diagnosis of Secondary Malnutrition
Management of Secondary Malnutrition
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Manganese
Chemical and Physical Properties
Dietary Sources
Analysis
Physiological Role
Metabolic Function and Essentiality
Manganese Deficiency
Manganese Toxicity
Assessment of Manganese Status
See also
Further Reading
Meal size and frequency: Effect on Absorption and Metabolism
Abbreviations
Introduction
The Effect of Meal Size on Absorption
The Effect of Meal Size on Metabolism
The Effect of Meal Frequency on Absorption
The Effect of Meal Frequency on Metabolism
See also
Further reading
Meat, Poultry, and Meat Products: Nutritional Value
Glossary
Introduction
Nutritional Value
Classes of Nutrients and Meat Products
Bioavailability of Nutrients and Efficiency for Child Development
Meat Sources and Nutritional Values
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Microbiota of the Intestine: Prebiotics
Glossary
Introduction
Intestinal Microbiota in Healthy Individuals
Metabolic Activity of the Microbiota
Prebiotics
Clinical Effects of Prebiotics
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Microbiota of the Intestine: Probiotics
Glossary
Introduction
Probiotics
Intestinal Microbiota
Probiotic Effects
Safety
Future Challenges
Conclusions
Further Reading
N
Niacin and Pellagra
Glossary
History, Signs and Symptoms of Deficiency, and Antimetabolites
Absorption, Transport, and Storage
Metabolism and Excretion
Metabolic Function and Essentiality
Assessment of Niacin Status and Requirements
Dietary Sources and High Intakes
See also
Further Reading
Nucleic Acids, Purine, and Pyrimidine Nucleotides and Nucleosides: Physiology, Toxicology, and Dietary Sources
Introduction
Physiology
Toxicology
See also
Further Reading
Nutrient Requirements: International Harmonization
Glossary
What is a Nutrient?
Scientific Basis for Establishing Recommended Intakes
AI: Used When an EAR Cannot be Determined
Reference Values: Which to Use When
DRIs for Other Nutrients and Food Constituents
Application of Risk Assessment Methodology to Nutrients
Issues in Establishing Reference Intakes
See also
Further Reading
Nutrient–Gene Interactions: Health Implications
Glossary
Effects of Diet on Genetic Diseases
Genetic Diseases of Interest to Nutrition
See also
Further Reading
Nutrient–Gene Interactions: Molecular Aspects
Glossary
Gene Expression
Gene Structure
Epigenetics
Transcription
Translation
Posttranslational Protein Modification
See also
Further Reading
Nutrition and HIV/AIDS
Glossary
Introduction
Effects of HIV/AIDS on Nutritional Status
Nutritional Intervention Studies
Interactions Between Antiretroviral Drugs and Nutrition
Infant Feeding and HIV/AIDS
Social and Economic Interactions with HIV/AIDS
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Nutrition and Susceptibility to Tuberculosis
Glossary
Further Reading
Nutrition Labeling
Glossary
Forms of Nutrition Labeling
History of Nutrition Labeling
Effects of Nutrition Labeling on Consumers
Effects of Nutrition Labeling on Producers
Outlook
See also
Further Reading
Nutrition Transition, Diet Change, and its Implications
Glossary
Shifts in Dietary and Activity Patterns and Body Composition Seem to be Occurring More Rapidly
Rapid Social Change is Important: Urbanization, Rapid Demographic Change, and Other Behavioral Changes are Occurring Simultaneously
Health Effects: Is the Biology Different? Rather, Do We Have Different Social Structures and Body Composition Patterns That Affect BMI–Disease Relationships? Are There Genetic Variants That Are Important?
The Future
See also
Further Reading
Nutritional Aspects of Bone
Introduction
Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation Studies on Bone
Vitamin D and Risk of Falling
Vitamin K
Observational and Intervention Studies
Nutrients Adversely Affecting Bone Health
Discussion
Concluding Remarks
References
Nutritional Assessment: Anthropometry
Glossary
Uses of Anthropometric Measurements
Advantages and Limitations of Anthropometric Measurements
Errors of Anthropometric Measurements
Anthropometric Measurements
Reference Values
See also
Further Reading
Nutritional Assessment: Clinical Examination
Glossary
Introduction
Medical History
Physical Examination
See also
Further Reading
Nutritional Considerations for the Management of Hypertension
Glossary
Introduction
Recommended Lifestyle Modifications
Nutritional Considerations
Consumption of a DASH Diet (Increasing Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, and Fiber Intakes through Increasing Intakes of Fruits, Vegetables, and Low-Fat Dairy Foods)
Dietary Protein Consumption
Fish Consumption
Other Fatty Acid Effects
Caffeine
Weight Reduction
Strategies for Implementing Nutritional Changes to Control Blood Pressure
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Nutritional Problems of pre-school children
Growth in the Preschool Years
Child Development in the Preschool Years
Dietary Recommendations for Young Children
Obesity and Overweight in Preschool Children
Weight Faltering
Micronutrient Deficiency
Food Allergy and Intolerance
Toddler Diarrhea (‘Nonspecific Childhood Diarrhea’)
See also
Further Reading
Nutritional requirements of infants
Abbreviations
Glossary
Introduction
DRIs for Infants
Summary of DRIs for Infants: Macronutrients – Energy, Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein, and Amino Acids
Research Needs
Assessment of Growth as an Indication of Adequate Nutrition
Practical Aspects of Meeting the Nutrient Needs of Infants
See also
Further Reading
Nutritional Support: Adults, Enteral
Adults, Enteral
Types
Access
Feeding Formulas
Compositions
Disease-Specific Formulas
Indications and Contradictions
Methods of Infusion
Further Reading
Nutritional Support: In the Home Setting
Oral Nutritional Support
Artificial Nutritional Support: Home Parenteral Nutrition and Home Enteral Tube Feeding
Conclusions
Further Reading
Nutritional Support: Infants and Children, Parenteral
Glossary
History and Introduction
Metabolic Complications
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Nutritional Surveillance: Developed Countries
Glossary
Uses of Nutritional Surveillance Data
Nutritional Surveillance Systems
Emerging Nutritional and Health Issues
See also
Further Reading
Nutritional Surveillance: Developing Countries
Glossary
Introduction
Types and Sources of Nutritional Surveillance Data in Developing Countries
See also
Further Reading
Nuts and seeds
Types
Nuts
Seeds
Macronutrient Content
Micronutrient Content
Fiber Content
Toxins and Contaminants
See also
Further Reading
O
Obesity: Childhood Obesity
Body Composition in Childhood and Definition of Childhood Obesity
Characteristics of Obese Children
Management
Prevention of Obesity in Childhood
See also
Further Reading
Obesity: Complications
Glossary
Role of Distribution of Body Fat in the Complications of Obesity
Metabolic and Organ System Complications of Obesity
Diseases of Organ Systems
Cancer
Mechanical Complications of Obesity
Surgical Complications
Psychosocial Complications
See also
Further Reading
Obesity: Definition, Etiology, and Assessment
Glossary
Definition
Etiology
Assessment
See also
Further Reading
Obesity: Genetic Factors
Glossary
Introduction
Rare Forms of Obesity
Common (Polygenic) Obesity
Future Directions
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Obesity: Prevention
Principles of Obesity Prevention
Who Should Obesity Prevention Strategies Target?
Further Reading
Obesity: Treatment
Introduction
Health Risks due to Overweight/Obesity
Patient Selection
Treatment Aims and Realistic Weight Loss Goals
Dietary Treatment of Obesity
Behavior Treatment
Drug Treatment of Obesity
Surgical Treatment for Obesity
A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Management of Overweight and Obesity
Strategies for Weight Loss Maintenance
See also
Further Reading
Older People: Nutritional Management of
Glossary
Introduction
Diagnosis and Evaluation of Undernutrition
Nutritional Assessment Tools
Oral Nutritional Repletion
Enteral Tube Feeding
Parenteral Nutritional Repletion
Pharmacological Management of Undernutrition
Managing Undernutrition in the Community Setting
Managing Undernutrition in Long-Term Care Institutions
Micronutrient Deficiency
Obesity
See also
Further Reading
Older People: Nutritional Requirements
Human Aging and Nutrition
Successful Aging, Normative Aging, and Frailty
Overview of Specific Factors of Aging Influencing Nutritional Requirements
Nutrient Intake Recommendations in Later Life
Definitions Surrounding Recommended Intakes of Nutrients
Established Recommended Intakes for Older Persons
Macronutrients
Water
Micronutrients
Dietary Guidelines for Function, Health, and Disease Prevention
Barriers to Meeting Recommended Nutrient Intakes and Healthful Dietary Intake Patterns by Older Persons
Future Considerations
See also
Further Reading
Older People: Physiological Changes
The Aging of the Population and its People
The Nature of Senescence
Physiological Changes Occurring in Tissues and Organ Systems with Human Aging
Synthesis and Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Nutrigenetic and Nutrigenomic Aspects in the Determination of Dietary Requirements, Development, and Chronic Diseases
Abbreviations
Glossary
Introduction
Eicosanoid Metabolism and Biological Effects of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Genetic Variation: Nutrigenetics
Nutrigenomics: The Role of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Gene Expression
Summary and Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Organic Foods
Essential or Beneficial Nutrients
Undesirable Components
Health Effects (Clinical Trials)
Organoleptic Quality
Conclusions and Prospects
See also
Further Reading
Osteoporosis: Nutritional Factors
Glossary
Introduction
Dietary Intake and Body Mass
Calcium
Vitamin D
Magnesium
Zinc and Copper
Vitamin K
Phosphorus
Sodium and Potassium
Protein
Phytoestrogens
Homocysteine
Other Lifestyle Factors
Targeting Groups at Risk
Nutrient/Gene Interactions
See also
Further Reading
Volume 4
P
Pantothenic Acid
Glossary
Absorption, Transport, Storage and Status Measurement
Metabolism and Turnover
Metabolic Function and Essentiality
Requirements
Dietary Sources and High Intakes
See also
Further Reading
Parasitism
Introduction
Mechanisms of Parasite–Host Nutrition Interactions
Parasite Epidemiology and Impact on Host Nutrition
Community and Intervention Studies
Treatment and Prognosis
Prevention
See also
Further Reading
Parenteral Nutrition
Indications for Parenteral Nutrition
Contraindications to Parenteral Nutrition
Vascular Access
Nutrition Components of Parenteral Nutrition
Parenteral Nutrition Monitoring
Cyclic Parenteral Nutrition
Complications of Parenteral Nutrition
Home Parenteral Nutrition
Conclusions
Further Reading
Pediatric Feeding Disorders: Feeding Children Who Can’t or Won’t Eat
Glossary
Introduction
Normal Development of Feeding and Swallowing
The Swallowing Process
Classification of Feeding Disorders in Children
Assessment
Treatment of Feeding Disorders
Conclusion
Further Reading
Phosphorus: Physiology, Dietary Sources, and Requirements
Glossary
Introduction
Calcium–Phosphate Interrelationships
Dietary Sources of Phosphorus
Intestinal Absorption of Phosphates
Phosphate Homeostatic Mechanisms
Functional Roles of Phosphates
Phosphate in Health and Disease
Conclusions
Further Reading
Physical Activity: Beneficial Effects
Glossary
Introduction
Physical Activity and Energy Balance
Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training
Benefits of Regular Physical Activity
Physical Activity Prescription
See also
Further Reading
Phytochemicals: Classification and Occurrence
Abbreviations
Glossary
Introduction
Flavonoids
Current Estimates of Intake
Absorption and Metabolism of Flavonoids
Bioavailability of Flavonoids
Potential Mechanisms of Action
Potential Health Effects
Conclusions
Further Reading
Phytochemicals: Health Effects
Introduction
Dietary Sources
Metabolism and Bioavailability
Biological Activity
Cardioprotection
Cancer Prevention
Cognitive Benefits
Bone Protective Effects
Menopausal Symptoms
Health Concerns
Conclusions
Further Reading
Potassium
Acid–Base Considerations
Adverse Effects of Insufficient Potassium
Adverse Effects of Excess Potassium Intake
Recommended Potassium Intake, Current Intake, and Dietary Sources
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Pregnancy: Energy Requirements and Metabolic Adaptations
Extra Energy Costs of Pregnancy
Longitudinal Studies of the Energy Costs of Pregnancy
Between-Country Comparison of the Metabolic Costs of Pregnancy
Individual Variability in the Total Energy Costs of Pregnancy
Implications of Energy-Sparing Adaptations for Mother and Infant
See also
Further Reading
Pregnancy: Nutrient Requirements
Glossary
Introduction
Recommended Nutrient Intakes for Pregnancy
Energy
Protein
Folate
Other B Vitamins
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Vitamin E
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Iron
Zinc
Iodine
Trace Elements: Copper, Selenium, Chromium, Fluoride, Manganese, and Molybdenum
Water and Electrolytes
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Pregnancy: Placental Regulation of Nutrient Delivery to the Fetus
Glossary
Fetal Nutrient Requirements
The Human Placenta
Methods Used to Study Placental Function
The Mechanisms of Placental Nutrient Transport
Epigenetics and the Placenta
Placental Selectivity
Placental Metabolic Activity
Placental Buffering of Maternal Dietary Intake
Placental Insufficiency and Fetal Growth
The Role of the Fetus
Further Reading
Pregnancy: Pre-eclampsia and Diet
Glossary
Introduction
Classification
Pathophysiology of Pre-eclampsia
The Possible Role of Nutrition in the Pathophysiology of Pre-eclampsia
Nutritional Interventions and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Pregnancy: Prevention of Neural Tube Defects
Glossary
Epidemiology
Genetic and Environmental Factors
Other Causes of NTDs
Mechanisms
Primary Prevention
Fortification
Recommendations
See also
Further Reading
Pregnancy: Safe Diets
Glossary
Introduction
Food-Borne Infections during Pregnancy
Alcohol
Vitamin A
Fish and Pregnancy
Mercury
Dioxins and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Caffeine
Avoiding Foods to Prevent Allergy
Food Additives and Herbal Supplements
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Pregnancy: Weight Gain
Glossary
Pregnancy Weight Gain Recommendations
Excessive Weight Gain
Pattern of Weight Gain
Variability in Weight Gain
Maternal Weight Gain and Birth Weight
Changes in Body Composition and Maternal Energy Status
Weight Gain for Special Population Groups
Pregnancy Weight Gain and Postpartum Risk of Obesity
Impact of Supplementation
See also
Further Reading
Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
Introduction
Synthesis
Major Biosynthetic Pathways
Physiological Activities of PGs and LTs
Regulation of PG and LT Synthesis by Dietary Fatty Acids
See also
Further Reading
Protein Deficiency
Glossary
Introduction
Protein Turnover and Regulation
Adaptation to Low Protein Intakes
Causes of Protein and Amino Acid Deficiency
Principles of Treatment of Protein Deficiency
See also
Further Reading
Protein Digestion and Bioavailability
Glossary
Introduction
Digestion
Absorption
Digestibility
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Protein: Quality and Sources
Glossary
Assessment of Protein Quality
Improvement of Protein Quality
Protein Quality and Dietary Sources
See also
Further Reading
Protein: Requirements and Role in Diet
Terminology
Metabolic Demands for Amino Acids
Qualitative Aspects of the Metabolic Demand: Plant versus Animal Sources
Nitrogen Balance
Dietary Protein Allowances for Individuals and Populations and Implications of Adaptation
Protein Requirements for Growth and Special Needs
Pregnancy Requirements
Areas of Uncertainty
Further Reading
Protein: Synthesis and Turnover
Whole-Body Protein Homeostasis
Protein Turnover
Models and Tracer Methods for the Study of Protein Turnover
Applications
Regulatory Mechanisms of Protein Turnover Control
Postprandial Protein Utilization
See also
Further Reading
R
Refugees: Nutritional Implications
Glossary
Introduction
Trends
Nutrition Implications of Displacement
Macronutrients
Micronutrients (Vitamins and Mineral Deficiencies)
Addressing Nutrition in Refugees
Food Baskets for Populations (General Food Distribution)
Challenges
See also
Further Reading
Religious Customs, Influence on Diet
Glossary
Introduction
Christianity
Islam
Hinduism
Buddhism
Conclusion
Further Reading
Riboflavin
Glossary
Absorption, Transport, and Storage
Metabolism and Excretion
Metabolic Function and Essentiality
Assessment of Riboflavin Status
Requirements
Dietary Sources and High Intakes
See also
Further Reading
S
Salt: Epidemiology
Glossary
Introduction
Occurrence in Nature
A History of Salt Intake
Salt in Food Technology
Changes in Mineral Composition of Food Induced by Industrialization and Migration to Urban or Affluent Communities
Rural–Urban Differences in Salt Intake and Blood Pressure (BP)
Salt and Disease
Genetic Influences
Age-Related Changes in BP
Intersalt Studies
Salt Reduction in Preexisting Hypertension
Implications of the Salt–Disease Relationships in Relation to Population and Individual Strategies for Improving Health
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Seasonality
Introduction
Definition and Measures of Seasonality
Effects of Agroclimatic Seasonality on Food Availability and Dietary Intakes
Effects of Agroclimatic Seasonality on Time Allocation and Energy Expenditure
Seasonal Patterns of Disease
Coping Strategies
Nutritional Impact of Seasonality
See also
Further Reading
Selenium
Glossary
Introduction
Metabolism of Selenium
Functions of Selenium
Deficiency and Excess
Selenium and Human Health
Assessment of Selenium Status
Dietary Intake of Selenium
Requirements and Recommended Dietary Intakes
Conclusion
See also
Further reading
Skeletal Muscle
Glossary
Introduction
Structure and Function
Adaptations to Nutrients and Exercise
Summary and Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Sodium: Physiology
Physiological, Clinical, and Nutritional Importance of Sodium
Distribution
Sodium in Extracellular Fluid
Regulation of ECF Sodium
Sodium-Retaining Hormones
Natriuretic Hormones
Adequate, Inadequate, and Excess Sodium
Unresolved Issues
See also
Further Reading
Sport and Exercise Nutrition
Glossary
Introduction
Nutrition for Training
Protein Requirements
Fat and CHO
Vitamins and Minerals
Water and Electrolyte Balance
Dietary Supplements
Nutrition for Competition
Further Reading
Starvation and fasting: Biochemical Aspects
Glossary
The Feeding/Fasting Cycle
Metabolic Consequences of Fasting and Starvation
See also
Further Reading
Stroke Nutritional Management
Glossary
Introduction
Management of Stroke-related Psychosocial and Physical Problems Impairing Food Consumption
See also
Further Reading
Sucrose: Dietary Sucrose and Disease
Glossary
Introduction
Effects on Energy Intake and Body Weight
Sweetened Beverages
Nutrient Dilution
Dental Caries
Type 2 Diabetes
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Supplementation: Developed Countries
Prevalence of Micronutrient Supplement Use
Motivation for Micronutrient Supplement Use
Research Approach for Determining the Health Impact of Micronutrient Supplements
Evidence Supporting Recommendations for Micronutrient Supplement Use
Infants
Children
Adults
Elderly
See also
Further Reading
Supplementation: Developing Countries
Glossary
Introduction
Iodine Supplementation
Vitamin A Supplementation
Iron/Folate Supplementation
Zinc Supplementation
Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation
See also
Further Reading
Supplementation: Dietary Supplements
Introduction
How is the Sales Data Derived?
What is a Dietary Supplement? How are they Regulated in Different Countries?
Product Quality and Safety Issues
Interactions
Label Claims
Potential Benefits of Dietary Supplements
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Supplementation: Programmatic Issues
Abbreviations
Glossary
Introduction
Micronutrient Supplementation
Vitamin A Supplementation
Iron Supplementation
Iodine Supplementation
Zinc Supplementation
Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation in Pregnancy and Childhood
Calcium Supplementation in Pregnancy
Vitamin D
Summary
See also
Further Reading
T
Tea
Description of Tea
Antioxidant Properties of Tea
Tea and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Tea and Cancer
Tea and Diabetes
Tea and Obesity
Conclusion
Further Reading
Thiamin: Beriberi
Glossary
Epidemiology
Etiology
Experimental Thiamin Deficiency in Man and Measurement of Thiamin Status
Clinical Features of Beriberi
Management/Treatment
Lipid-Soluble Thiamin Derivatives
Toxicity
See also
Further Reading
Thiamin: Physiology
Glossary
Introduction
Dietary Sources of Thiamin
Transport, Storage, and Excretion
Assessment of Thiamin Status
Recommended Dietary Allowances
Drug–Nutrient Interactions
Toxicity
See also
Further Reading
Thirst Physiology
Role of Thirst in Water Balance
Perception of Thirst
Assessment of Thirst
The Physiological Regulation of Thirst
Mechanisms of Thirst Regulation
Osmotic Regulation of Thirst
Volemic Regulation of Thirst
Sensory Regulation of Thirst
Mechanisms for Terminating the Sensation of Thirst
Fluid Requirements
See also
Further Reading
Trans-Fatty Acids: Health Effects, Recommendations, and Regulations
Glossary
Introduction
Dietary Intake
Health Effects
Dietary Recommendations and Regulations
Trans Fat Alternatives
Conclusions
Disclaimer
Further Reading
Tuberculosis: Nutritional Management
Glossary
Introduction
Nutritional Status of Tuberculosis Patients
Effect of Nutritional Factors on the Course of TB
Controlled Intervention Studies of Nutritional Supplements in the Management of TB
Nutritional Management of TB
Nutrient–Drug Interactions
Conclusions
Disclaimer
See also
Further Reading
U
Ultratrace Elements
Definition
Absorption, Transport, and Storage
Metabolism and Excretion
Requirements and High Intakes
Aluminum
Arsenic
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Fluorine
Germanium
Lead
Lithium
Molybdenum
Nickel
Rubidium
Silicon
Tin
Vanadium
Dietary Sources
See also
Further Reading
Urban Nutrition
Introduction
Urbanization
Contemporary Food Supplies and Diets for the Cities
Urbanization and Nutritional Transition
Urban Agriculture
Street-Vended Ready-to-Eat Foods
Nutrition and Health in the Urban World
Nutritional Deficiencies of Urban Populations
Nutritional Excess in Urban Populations
Diet, Nutrition, and Quality of Life
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
V
Vegeterian Diets
lntroduction
History
Vegetarian Patterns and Practices
Differences Between Vegetarian Eating and Vegetarianism
Nutritional Adequacy
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Vitamin A: Deficiency and Interventions
Glossary
Introduction
Epidemiology
Further Reading
Vitamin A: Physiology, Dietary Sources, and Requirements
Glossary
Vitamin A: Physiology, Dietary Sources, and Requirements
Transport
Absorption and Metabolism
Tissue Retinoid Metabolism
Physiological Actions
Functions in Cell Differentiation
Dietary Sources and Nutritional Equivalency
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Vitamin A
See also
Further Reading
Vitamin B6: Physiology
Glossary
Dietary Forms, Biological Availability, and Metabolism
Metabolic Functions of Vitamin B6
Criteria of Adequacy and Assessment of Nutritional Status
Requirements and Recommendations
Pharmacological Uses and Toxicity of Vitamin B6 Supplements
Vitamin B6 Deficiency
See also
Further Reading
Vitamin B12: Physiology, Dietary Sources, and Requirements
Glossary
Introduction
Biochemistry and Metabolic Functions
Physiology
Causes, Mechanisms, and Effects of Cobalamin Deficiency
Diagnosis of Cobalamin Deficiency
Inborn Errors of Cobalamin Metabolism
See also
Further Reading
Vitamin D: Physiology, Dietary Sources, and Requirements
Introduction
Origin and Structure of Vitamin D
Production of Vitamin D in the Skin
Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion of Vitamin D
Biologic Functions of Vitamin D on Calcium Metabolism
Evaluation for and Consequences of Vitamin D Deficiency
Nonskeletal Consequences of Vitamin D Deficiency
Recommended Dietary Intake of Vitamin D
See also
Further Reading
Vitamin E: Metabolism and Requirements
Glossary
Introduction
General Description and Scientific Name
Vitamin E Actions and Metabolism
Recommended Intake Levels
Vitamin E Bioavailability
Human Vitamin E Deficiency
Chronic Disease Prevention
Further Reading
Vitamin E: Physiology and Health Effects
Introduction
Chemistry
Dietary Sources
Absorption Metabolism and Excretion
Tocopherols as Antioxidants
Vitamin E Deficiency
Tocopherols and Low-Density Lipoprotein Modification
Tocopherols and Other Metabolic Functions
Tocopherols and Cardiovascular Disease – Epidemiological Evidence
Tocopherols and Cancer – Epidemiological Evidence
Tocopherols and Other Diseases – Epidemiological Evidence
Vitamin E Status and Requirements
See also
Further Reading
Vitamin K
Introduction
Food Sources, Absorption, and Catabolism
Vitamin K-Dependent (VKD) Proteins
Potential Non-Gla Functions of Vitamin K
Status, Requirements, and Recommended Intakes
Population Groups at Risk of Vitamin K Deficiency
See also
Further Reading
W
Weight Management: Approaches
The Concept of Desirable Weight
Dietary Management
Exercise and Physical Activity
Behavioral Modification
See also
Further Reading
Weight Management: Weight Cycling/Weight Change
Weight Cycling – A Health Risk?
The Metabolic Hypothesis
Weight Cycling and Mortality
Weight Cycling and Cardiovascular Disease
Other Health Outcomes: Cancer and Diabetes
Psychological Consequences
Methodological Issues
Conclusions
Further Reading
Weight Management: Weight Maintenance
Definition of Successful Weight Loss Maintenance
Data on Prevalence of Long-term Maintenance of Weight Loss
Why is Weight Loss Maintenance Difficult?
Research Investigating Successful Weight Loss Maintenance
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Whole Grains
Glossary
Introduction
Definition of Wholegrains
Structural Components and Composition of Grains
Wholegrain Foods and Health Claims
Recommendations for Whole Grain Consumption and Consumption Patterns
Wholegrains and Reduction in Disease Risk
Wholegrains and Potential Mechanisms of Action
Further Reading
Z
Zinc: Deficiency Disorders and Prevention Programs
Glossary
Causes of Zinc Deficiency
Prevalence of Zinc Deficiency in Developing Countries
Consequences of Zinc Deficiency in Developing Countries: Evidence Derived from Zinc Supplementation Trials
Zinc Intervention Strategies
Biofortification
See also
Further Reading
Zinc: Physiology, Dietary Sources, and Requirements
Glossary
Introduction
History of Zinc as a Nutrient
Chemistry of Zinc
Zinc in Foods
Control of Zinc Homeostasis
Zinc Biochemistry
Zinc Physiology
Human Zinc Deficiency
Zinc Toxicity
Assessment
Recommended Intakes
See also
Further Reading
Index
Author Index
- No. of pages: 2190
- Language: English
- Published: December 28, 2012
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Hardback ISBN: 9780123750839
- eBook ISBN: 9780123848857