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By David Munoz Frantz Bouchereau Lara Cesar Vargas Rogerio Enriquez-Caldera
Description
This book is the definitive guide to the techniques and applications of position location, covering both terrestrial and satellite
systems. It gives all the techniques, theoretical models, and algorithms that engineers need to improve their current location schemes
and to develop future location algorithms and systems.
Comprehensive coverage is given to system design trade-offs, complexity
issues, and the design of efficient positioning algorithms to enable the creation of high-performance location positioning systems. Traditional
methods are also reexamined in the context of the challenges posed by reconfigurable and multihop networks. Applications discussed include
wireless networks (WiFi, ZigBee, UMTS, and DVB networks), cognitive radio, sensor networks and multihop networks.
Features
Contains a complete guide to models, techniques, and applications of position location
Includes
applications to wireless networks, demonstrating the relevance of location positioning to these "hot" areas in research and development
Covers system design trade-offs and the design of efficient positioning algorithms, enabling the creation of future location
positioning systems
Provides a theoretical underpinning for understanding current position location algorithms,
giving researchers a foundation to develop future algorithms
David Mu oz is Director and C sar Vargas is a member of the Center for Electronics and Telecommunications, Tecnol gico de Monterrey, Mexico. Frantz
Bouchereau is a senior communications software developer at The MathWorks Inc. in Natick, MA. Rogerio Enr quez-Caldera
is at Instituto Nacional de Atrofisica, Optica y Electronica (INAOE), Puebla, Mexico.
Audience
R&D communications and signal processing engineers; applied researchers in universities
Contents Chapter 1: The Position Location Problem
1.1 The PL need and Historical Developments
1.2 PL requirements and Limitation
1.2.1 Resolution
1.2.2 Fundamental Scenarios for PL
1.3 Terrestrial and Satellite Scenarios
1.3.1 Terrestrial and Satellite Scenarios
1.4 Current
and Potential Applications
Chapter 2: Signal Parameter Estimation for the Localization Problem
2.1 AOA measurements
2.1.1 The
uniform linear array model
2.1.2 Cramer Rao Bound for array observations
2.2 Nonparametric Methods for Estimation of AOA
2.2.1
Beamscan AOA estimator
2.2.2 MVDR AOA estimator
2.3 Parametric Methods for Estimation of AOA
2.3.1 Maximum likelihood AOA estimator
2.3.2 The MUSIC algorithm for AOA estimation
2.3.3 The ESPRIT Algorithm for AOA Estimation
2.4 TOA and TDOA measurements
2.4.1 The TOA Problem
2.4.2 The TDOA Problem
2.4.3 Performance Bound for the TOA and TDOA Problems
2.4.4 Received Signal
Model and its Analogy to the Array Processing Problem
2.4.5 The Generalized Cross-correlation Method For TOA or TDOA Estimation
2.4.6 Conventional PN-Correlation Method
2.4.7 A Superresolution PN-Correlation Method: The SPM Algorithm
2.4.8 TOA Estimation
by Successive Cancelation
2.5 Range Estimation Based on Receive Signal strength (RSS)
2.6 Signal strength (RSS)
2.6.1 The log-normal
propagation model
2.6.2 ML estimation of log-normal parameters
2.6.3 Lognormal Range Estimator
Chapter 3: Location Information
Processing
3.1 The Multilateration Problem
3.2 Geometrical multilateration
3.2.1 Geometrical multilateration based on time of arrival
(TOA) measurements
3.2.2 Geometrical multilateration based on angle of arrival (AOA) measurements
3.2.3 Geometrical multilateration
based on time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements
3.3 Statistical multilateration
3.3.1 Least-squares multilateration
3.3.2 Least-squares multilateration with uncertain reference node positions
3.3.3 Hybrid location estimation systems
3.4 Location
estimation in multi hop scenarios
3.4.1 The Centroid algorithm
3.4.2 Approximate point-in-triangulation (APIT) algorithm
3.4.3 Ad-Hoc positioning system (APS) algorithms
3.4.4 Dead reckoning
3.5 Performance assessment of location estimation systems
3.5.1 Cramer-Rao bounds
3.5.2 Circular Error Probability
3.5.3 Geometric dilution of precision (GDOP)
Chapter 4: Heuristic
Approaches to the Position Location Problem
4.1 Single hop and relational scenarios
4.1.1 Range-free location estimation systems
4.1.2 Signal signature
4.2 Multi Hop Scenarios
4.2.1 Triangle concatenation
4.2.2 Random flight
4.2.2.1 Pyramidal
approach
4.2.2.1.1 Estimation accuracy
4.2.3 Manhattanized algorithms
4.2.3.1 Manhattan trilateration
4.2.3.2
Vector projection algorithm
4.2.3.3 A linear programming approach
4.2.3.4 Three dimensional Manhattanized case
4.2.4
Relational and fuzzy approach
4.2.4.1 Fuzzy proportional method
4.2.4.2 Fuzzy hyperbolic algorithm
4.2.4.3 Minimization
on rough evidence
4.2.4.4 Neighborhood method
4.2.4.5 Relative distance location
4.2.4.5.1 Location algorithm
description
4.2.4.5.2 First estimation
4.2.4.5.3 Relational location adjustments
Chapter 5: Terrestrial Based Location
Systems
5.1 From Cellular to Reconfigurable Networks
5.1.1 The Cellular Network Scenario
5.1.2 2G and 3G Technology Review
5.1.3 4G and Beyond
5.1.4 The Ad-Hoc and Sensor Network Scenarios
5.2 Mobility in Wireless Networks
5.2.1 Capacity and
Coverage Issues
5.2.2 Modeling Mobility
5.2.3 Dealing with Mobility
5.2.4 Mobility and Location Based Services
5.3 Towards
the Cognitive Radio Paradigm for Position Location
5.3.1 The Concept of Cognitive Radio
5.3.2 Multiple Antenna Systems
5.3.3 Basics of Cross-layering for Reconfigurable Networks
5.3.4 Cooperative and Collaborative Wireless Networks
5.3.5 Fundamentals
of Space-Time Processing
Chapter 6: Applications of Terrestrial Based Location Systems
6.1 Cellular Systems
6.1.1 2G and 3G systems
6.1.2 Multihop Cellular
6.1.3 Cell ID
6.1.4 E911
6.2 Local / Indoor Network Scenario
6.2.1 Technologies and Standards
review
6.2.2 Localization with WiFi, Bluetooth and Zigbee
6.2.3 RFID, INS
6.2.4 System Comparison
6.2.5 Discussion
on Systems Tradeoffs
6.3 Mesh Systems
6.3.1 Sensor Networks
6.3.2 Ad-Hoc Networks
6.3.3 Natural and Man-made Disasters
Chapter 7: Satellite Based Location Systems (6)
7.1 Satellite Positioning
7.1.1 Absolute and Relative Positioning
7.1.2 Kinematics
and Static
7.2 Structure of a System for Satellite Positioning
7.2.1 Constellation Segment
7.2.2 Control Segment
7.2.3
User Segment
7.3 Fundamental Concepts Involved
7.3.1 Ranging and timing
7.3.2 Precision and Accuracy
7.3.3 Civil and
Security Considerations
7.3.4 Coordinate Systems
7.4 Applications
7.4.1 Transport
7.4.2 Safety
7.4.3 Energy
7.4.4 Agriculture
7.4.5 Marine
7.4.6 Environment
7.4.7 Science
7.4.8 Surveying
7.4.9 Recreation
7.4.10
Mapping
7.4.11 Geosciences (Seismic & Volcanic predictions)
7.4.12 Commercial Uses, Services and Novel Business
7.5 Sources
of Errors
7.5.1 Stochastic
7.5.2 Systematic
7.6 Trends and Comparison
7.6.1 GPS, Glonass and Galileo
7.6.2 Developments
in perspective
7.6.3 Integrations of Satellite and ground-based location systems
References
Appendix 1: Signal Propagation
A1.
Large scale fading
A1.1 Path Loss
A1.2 Shadowing models
A2. Small scale fading
A2.2 Time dispersion effects
A2.3
Frequency dispersion effects
A2.4 Multipath channel impulse response
A2.5 The channel scattering function
A2.6 Clark's
flat fading model
A2.7 Multipath channel simulation
A3. Compound fading models
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