CEREAL STRAW AS A RESOURCE FOR SUSTAINABLE BIOMATERIALS AND BIOFUELS
Chemistry, Extractives, Lignins, Hemicelluloses and Cellulose To order this title, and for more information, click here
By RunCang Sun
Description The first book to examine straw chemistry in its entirety, Cereal Straws describes the recent development of techniques for fractionation
of and conversion to environmental friendly materials. Balanced coverage of theory and applications includes: the analysis of straw structure
and its components; extractives, from isolation to structural characterization; isolation, modification, and purification of hemicelluloses;
the occurrence, structure, and chemical modification of cellulose; straw lignins, including their occurrence, structure and constitution,
isolation and heterogeneity, and physico-chemical properties; and utilization of straw and straw components after chemical modification.
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Introduction References
Chapter 2 Structure, ultrastructure, and chemical composition 2.1
Anatomical Structure 2.2 Ultrastructure 2.2.1 Ultrastructure of wood 2.2.1.1 Fiber cell wall layers 2.2.1.2 Microfibrils
organization 2.2.1.3 Matrix components 2.2.2 Ultrastructure of grass 2.3 Distribution of polysaccharides and lignin 2.3.1
Polysaccharides distribution 2.3.2 Lignin distribution 2.3.2.1 Lignin distribution in wood 2.3.2.2 Lignin distribution in grass 2.4
Chemical composition 2.4.1 Cellulose 2.4.2 Hemicelluloses 2.4.3 Lignin 2.4.4 Pectic substances 2.4.5 Proteins 2.4.6
Cutins, suberins, waxes and other extracts 2.4.7 Ash References
Chapter 3 Extractive 3.1 Isolation and purification 3.1.1
Extractives isolation procedures 3.1.2 Extractives purification 3.2 Structural characterization 3.2.1 The chemical composition
of extractives 3.2.2 Spectroscopic and thermal characterization References
Chapter 4 Hemicelluloses 4.1 Occurrence, nature,
and classification 4.1.1 Occurrence, nature, and classification of hemicelluloses 4.1.2 Occurrence, nature, and classification
of straw hemicelluloses 4.2 Isolation, analysis, and structure 4.2.1 Isolation 4.2.1.1 Hemicelluloses isolated by chemical reagents 4.2.1.2
Hemicelluloses isolated by the combination of chemical treatment with mechanical treatment 4.2.1.3 Hemicelluloses isolated by heat
treatments 4.2.1.4 Hemicelluloses isolated by membrane 4.2.1.5 Fractionation and purification 4.2.2 Structural analysis of straw
hemicelluloses 4.2.2.1 Optical spectroscopy 4.2.2.2 NMR Spectroscopy 4.2.2.3. Chromatography and mass spectrometry 4.2.3
Structure 4.3 Physico-chemical properties 4.3.1 Solubility 4.3.2 Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution 4.3.3
Rheological behavior 4.3.4 Surface tension 4.3.5 Thermal behavior 4.3.6 Biological activity 4.4 Interactions with cellulose 4.4.1
Interaction of hemicelluloses with celluloses in production of celluloses 4.4.2 Interaction of hemicelluloses with celluloses in papermaking
process 4.4.3 Interaction of hemicelluloses with celluloses in bio-ethanol process 4.4.4 The assembly characteristics of hemicelluloses
on cellulose 4.5 Modification of hemicelluloses and its application 4.5.1 The potential modification of hemicelluloses 4.5.2
Chemical modification and its application 4.5.2.1 Esterification of straw hemicelluloses 4.5.2.2 Etherification of hemicelluloses 4.5.2.3
Graft polymerization of hemicelluloses 4.5.2.4 Oxidation of hemicelluloses 4.5.3 Straw hemicelluloses and their application 4.5.4
Summary References
Chapter 5 Cellulose 5.1 Occurrence 5.2 Isolation 5.2.1 Delignification and alkali extraction 5.2.2
Steam explosion 5.2.3 Alkaline peroxide extraction 5.2.4 Organic solvent extraction 5.2.5 Other isolation methods 5.3 Structure
and the crystalline lattice of cellulose I 5.3.1 Supermolecular structure 5.3.2 Cellulose lattice I.444 5.3.3 Conversion of
Cellulose I to cellulose II 5.4 Physico-chemical properties 5.4.1 Structural properties 5.4.2 Dissolution of cellulose 5.4.2.1
Inorganic molten salts 5.4.2.2 N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) 5.4.2.3 NaOH/urea and LiOH/urea 5.4.2.4 Ionic liquids and ionic
liquids analogues 5.4.2.5 Other cellulose solvents 5.4.3 Regeneration of cellulose 5.4.4 Hydrolysis of cellulose 5.5 Chemical
modification and its utilization 5.5.1 Acetylation 5.5.2 Acylation with other linear anhydrides or chlorides 5.5.3 Esterification
with cyclic anhydrides 5.5.4 Carboxymethylation 5.5.5 Other chemical modification References
Chapter 6 Lignin 6.1
Introduction 6.2 Monolignols and Lignification in the grass cell walls 6.2.1 Biosynthesis of Monolignols 6.2.2 Lignin deposition
and topochemistry 6.2.3 Lignification --- polymerization of monolignols 6.3 Isolation and purification of lignins 6.3.1 Milled
wood lignin 6.3.2 Enzyme lignin 6.3.3 Alkali lignins 6.3.4 Hydrogen peroxide lignin 6.3.5 Organosolv Lignin 6.3.6 High-Boiling
Solvent Lignin 6.3.7 Purification of lignins 6.4 Analytical methods for lignin characterization 6.4.1 Thioacidolysis 6.4.2
DFRC method 6.4.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 6.5 Structural Characteristics of Straw lignins 6.5.1 Ferulates
in Grass Lignins 6.5.2 p-Coumarates in Grass Lignins 6.5.3 Lignin-Carbohydrate-Complex (LCC) in Grass Plants 6.6 Utilization
of Lignins 6.6.1 Wood adhesives made from lignins 6.6.2 Biochemical/Biofuel from lignins 6.7 Concluding remarks References
Chapter 7 Chemical modification of straw as novel materials for industries 7.1 Chemical modification of cereal straws as natural
sorbents in oil spill cleanup 7.1.1 Hazard of oil spills 7.1.2 Methods for controlling oil spills 7.1.3 Classification of oil
sorbents 7.1.4 Principles of sorbency 7.1.5 Influent Factors of sorbtive capacity 7.1.6 Chemical modification of waste materials
from agriculture as oil sorbents 7.1.7 Types of catalysts in chemical modification 7.1.8 Agro-based Sorbent Application References
7.2 Modification of cereal straws as natural sorbents for removing metal ions from industrial waster water 7.2.1 Introduction 7.2.2
Mechanism of Metal Biosorption 7.2.3 Adsorption Models 7.2.4 Methods of Chemical Modification 7.2.5 Chemically Modified Straw 7.2.6
Summary References
7.3 Modification of straw for activated carbon preparation and application for the removal of dyes from
aqueous solutions 7.3.1 Introduction 7.3.2 Technologies available for dye removal 7.3.2.1 Biological treatments 7.3.2.2 Chemical
methods 7.3.2.3 Physical methods 7.3.3 Dye removal using commercial activated carbons 7.3.4 Dye removal using agricultural wastes
or by-products 7.3.5 Activated carbons production from agricultural by-products 7.3.5.1 Physical activation 7.3.5.2 Chemical
activation 7.3.5.3 Dye removal using activated carbons from agricultural by-products 7.3.6 Summary References
7.4 Liquefaction
and gasification of cereal straws 7.4.1 Hydrothermal Liquefaction 7.4.2 Solvolytic liquefaction 7.4.3 Thermal gasification 7.4.4
Hydrothermal gasification References
7.5 Biorefinery straw for bioethanol 7.5.1 Lignocellulosic biomass recalcitrance 7.5.2
Bio-refinery straw for bio-ethanol production 7.5.3 Summary References
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