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Unexploded Ordinance Remediations
To order this title, and for more information, click here
By
Robert Noyes, Noyes Publications
Description
Some of the more difficult environmental problems facing the Department of Defense (DOD) include (1) chemical weapons destruction, (2)
explosive waste remediation, and (3) unexploded ordnance clearance and extraction. It is conceivable that $50 to $100 billion will be
spent by DOD for these three programs, offering unusual opportunities for environmental engineering and related firms.
Military installations
are similar to small cities in terms of population, industrial activities, and some types of contaminated sites. However, some cover
an area larger than a small state. DOD has operated industrial facilities on its installations for several decades that have generated,
stored, recycled, or disposed of hazardous wastes. Many of these activities have contaminated the nearby soil and groundwater. To study
and clean up contaminated sites, DOD established the Installation Restoration Program (IRP) in 1975. In 1984, the IRP was made part of
the Defense Environmental Restoration Program.
The Secretary of Defense delegated cleanup responsibility to the Army, Navy, the Air
Force, and the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA). Cleanup actions are usually accomplished under contract with private firms, which are
monitored by the services. Most cleanup actions are funded through the Defense Environmental Restoration Account (DERA) and the Base
Realignment and Closure Account. Congress established DERA in 1984 to fund the cleanup of inactive contaminated sites on DOD installations.
The technology to clean up the conventional hazardous wastes on DOD sites are the same as those utilized for industrial sites, and well-documented
by this publisher.
However, there are three DOD programs that require the utilization of somewhat unusual or different technologies
that have not been as well documented. These three programs are:
1. Chemical weapons destruction
2. Remediation of explosives contaminated
soils and lagoons
3. Unexploded ordnance detection, clearance, and extraction
This book discusses the current and potential treatment
technologies involved in these three programs.
Audience
Firms taking part in Department of Defense funded cleanup programs.
Contents
Part I: Chemical Weapons Destruction
1. Introduction
1.1 Lethal Agents: World War I, up to World War II
1.2 Lethal Agents (Nerve Agents):
From World War II to date
1.3 Nonlethal Agents
1.4 Proliferation Concerns
1.5 U.S. Army Organizations
2. Chemical Stockpile Disposal
Program
2.1 Background
2.2 Costs
2.3 Risk Considerations
2.4 Emergency Response/Health/Safety
3. Baseline Incineration
3.1
Introduction
3.2 Baseline Incineration Process
3.3 Operational Difficulties
3.4 Health and Safety
3.5 Air Filtration System
3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Baseline Incineration
3.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternatives to Baseline Incinceration
3.8 Dunnage Incinerator
4. Alternatives to Incineration
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Selected Alternative
Technologies
5. Nonstockpile Program
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materiel and Locations
5.3 Environmental Considerations
5.4 Emergency
Destruction Methods for Recovered, Explosively Configured, Chemical Warfare Munitions
6. Canadian Experience
6.1 Waste Inventory
6.2 Operational Concept
6.3 Public Consultation
6.4 Environmental Assessment
6.5 Agent Destruction Operations
6.6 Destruction
Process Performance
6.7 Conclusions
Part II: Explosive Waste Remediation
7. Introduction
7.1 Types of Explosive Waste
7.2 Sources
of Explosive Waste
7.3 Explosive Nature and Safety
7.4 Technology Needs
7.5 Government Contacts
8. Biological Treatment Process
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Composting
8.3 Land Farming
8.4 Aqueous Phase Bioreactor Treatment
8.5 White Rot Fungus Treatment
8.6
In Situ Biological Treatment
8.7 Aqueous Munitions Waste Streams
8.8 Other Biological Processes for TNT
9. Thermal/Oxidation Processes
9.1 Open Burn/Open Detonation
9.2 Incineration
9.3 Ultraviolet Oxidation
9.4 Wet Air Oxidation
9.5 Low Temperature Thermal
Desorption
9.6 Base Hydrolysis and Hydrothermal Processing
9.7 Molten Salt Destruction
10. Other Processes
10.1 Granular Activated
Carbon (GAC)
10.2 Volume Reduction (Soil Washing)
10.3 Solvent Extraction
10.4 Chemical Degradation/Densitization
10.5 Other
Processes
11. Explosives Contaminated Debris
11.1 Typical Wastes Treated
11.2 Pretreatment
11.3 Thermal/Hot-Gas Decontamination
11.4 Physical Size Reduction
11.5 Enhanced Soil Washing with Surfactants or other Solubility Enhancers
Part III: Unexploded Ordnance
12. UXO Detection, Clearance, and Extraction
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Detection/Location/Identification
12.3 Excavation/Retrieval
12.4 UXO Disposal/Neutralization/Demilitarization
12.5 Landmines
12.6 Organizations Involved
13. Recycling and Reuse
13.1 Propellant
and Explosive Extraction
13.2 Propellant and Explosive Reuse
13.3 Propellant and Explosive Conversion to Basic Chemicals
14. Destroying
and Recycling Materials Resulting from Dismantling Nuclear Weapons
14.1 Primary Destruction Techniques
14.2 Waste Preparation and
Feeding
14.3 Cost Estimates
14.4 TATB Explosives Recycle
Sources of Information
Index
| Bibliographic details |
Hardbound, 250 pages, publication date: DEC-1996
ISBN-13: 978-0-8155-1406-0
ISBN-10: 0-8155-1406-9
Imprint: WILLIAM ANDREW
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Last update: 3 Oct 2009
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