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| DIELECTRIC MATERIALS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
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By
Mailadil Sebastian, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
Description
Microwave dielectric materials play a key role in our global society with a wide range of applications, from terrestrial and satellite
communication including software radio, GPS, and DBS TV to environmental monitoring via satellite.
A small ceramic component made
from a dielectric material is fundamental to the operation of filters and oscillators in several microwave systems. In microwave communications,
dielectric resonator filters are used to discriminate between wanted and unwanted signal frequencies in the transmitted and received
signal. When the wanted frequency is extracted and detected, it is necessary to maintain a strong signal. For clarity it is also critical
that the wanted signal frequencies are not affected by seasonal temperature changes. In order to meet the specifications of current and
future systems, improved or new microwave components based on dedicated dielectric materials and new designs are required. The recent
progress in microwave telecommunication, satellite broadcasting and intelligent transport systems (ITS) has resulted in an increased
demand for Dielectric Resonators (DRs). With the recent revolution in mobile phone and satellite communication systems using microwaves
as the propagation media, the research and development in the field of device miniaturization has been a major challenge in contemporary
Materials Science. In a mobile phone communication, the message is sent from a phone to the nearest base station, and then on via a series
of base stations to the other phone. At the heart of each base station is the combiner/filter unit which has the job of receiving the
messages, keeping them separate, amplifying the signals and sending then onto the next base station. For such a microwave circuit to
work, part of it needs to resonate at the specific working frequency. The frequency determining component (resonator) used in such a
high frequency device must satisfy certain criteria. The three important characteristics required for a dielectric resonator are (a)
a high dielectric constant which facilitates miniaturization (b) a high quality factor (Qxf) which improves the signal-to-noise ratio,
(c) a low temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency which determines the stability of the transmitted frequency.
During the
past 25 years scientists the world over have developed a large number of new materials (about 3000) or improved the properties of known
materials. About 5000 papers have been published and more than 1000 patents filed in the area of dielectric resonators and related technologies.
This book brings the data and science of these several useful materials together, which will be of immense benefit to researchers and
engineers the world over.
The topics covered in the book includes factors affecting the dielectric properties, measurement of dielectric
properties, important low loss dielectric material systems such as perovskites, tungsten bronze type materials, materials in BaO-TiO2
system, (Zr,Sn)TiO4, alumina, rutile, AnBn-1O3n type materials, LTCC, ceramic-polymer composites
etc. The book also has a data table listing all reported low loss dielectric materials with properties and references arranged in the
order of increasing dielectric constant.
Audience
Research scientists and engineers working in the area of wireless communication, postgraduate students in physical and chemical sciences, graduate and postgraduate students in electronic engineering.
Contents
Foreword by Prof. Neil Alford, F R Eng. Imperial College London
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Measurement of microwave dielectric
properties and factors affecting them
2.1. Permittivity
2.2. Quality factor (Q)
2.3. Measurement of microwave dielectric properties
2.3.1. Hakki and Coleman (Courtney) method
2.3.1.1. Measurement of Permittivity
2.3.1.2. Measurement of loss tangent
2.3.2. TE01?O)
mode dielectric resonator method
2.3.3. Measurement of quality factor by stripline method
2.3.4. Whispering Gallery Mode resonators
2.3.5. Split Post Dielectric Resonator (SPDR) method
2.3.6. Cavity Perturbation method
2.3.7. TM010 mode and Re-entrant
cavity method
2.3.8. TE01n mode cavities
2.4. Estimation of dielectric loss by spectroscopic methods
2.5. Factors affecting
the dielectric loss
2.6. Correction for porosity
2.7. Calculation of permittivity using Clausius Mossotti equation
2.8. Measurement of
temperature coefficient of resonant frequency
2.9. Tuning of resonant frequency
References
Chapter 3. Microwave dielectric
materials in the BaO-TiO2 system
3.1. Introduction
3.2. BaTi4O9
3.2.1. Microwave dielectric properties
3.3. BaTi5O11
3.4. Ba2Ti9O20
3.4.1. Preparation
3.4.2. Structure
3.4.3. Properties
3.5. BaTi4O9/Ba2Ti9O20
composites
3.6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 4. (Zr,Sn)TiO4 ceramics
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Preparation
4.2.1. Solid state method
4.2.2. Wet chemical methods
4.3. Crystal structure and phase transformation
4.4. Microwave dielectric properties
4.5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 5. Tungsten bronze type materials
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Crystal structure
5.3. Preparation
of Ba6-3xLn8+2xTi18O54 ceramics
5.4. Dielectric properties
5.4.1. Effect of dopants
5.4.2.
Substitution for Ba
5.4.3. Substitution for Ti
5.4.4. Texturing
5.4.5. Effect of glass
5.5. Phase transition
5.6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 6. ABO3 type perovskites
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Tolerance factor (t) and perovskite cell parameter
(ap)
6.3. ATiO3 (A=Ba, Sr, Ca)
6.4. Ag(Nb1-xTax)O3
6.5. Ca(Li1/3Nb2/3)O3-?O
6.6. CaO-Ln2O3-TiO2-Li2O system
6.7. LnAlO3
6.8. Conclusion
References
Chapter 7. A(B!|1/2B!?1/2)O3 complex perovskites
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Ba(B!|1/2Nb1/2)O3 ceramics
7.3. Ba(B!|1/2Ta1/2)O3 ceramics
7.4. Sr(B!|1/2Nb1/2)O3 ceramics
7.4.1. Tailoring ?af of
Sr(B!|1/2Nb1/2)O3 ceramics
7.5 Sr(B!|1/2Ta1/2)O3 ceramics
7.5.1. Effect of non-stoichiometry
in Sr(B!|1/2Ta1/2)O3 ceramics
7.5.2. Effect of A and B Site substitutions
7.5.3. Effect of rutile
addition
7.6. Ca(B!|1/2Nb1/2)O3 ceramics
7.6.1. Tailoring the dielectric properties of Ca(B!|1/2Nb1/2)O3
ceramics by addition of TiO2 and CaTiO3
7.6.2. Effect of A and B site substitutions on the structure and dielectric
properties
7.7. Ca(B!|1/2Ta1/2)O3 ceramics
7.8. (Pb1-xCax)(Fe1/2B!?1/2)O3
[B!|=Nb,Ta]
7.9. Ln(A1/2Ti1/2)O3 [Ln=lanthanide, A=Zn, Mg, Co]
7.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8. A(B!|1/3B!?2/3)O3 complex perovskites
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Ba(Zn1/3Ta2/3)O3
(BZT)
8.2.1. Preparation
8.2.2. Crystal structure and ordering
8.2.3. Dielectric properties
8.2.4. Effect of BaZrO3 addition
in BZT
8.3. Ba(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3 (BMT)
8.3.1. Preparation
8.3.2 Crystal structure and ordering
8.3.3.
Properties
8.3.4 Effect of dopants
8.3.5. effect of glass addition
8.3.6. Nonstoichiometry
8.3.7 Dielectric properties at low temperatures
8.4. (Ba,Sr)(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3
8.5. Ba(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 (BZN)
8.5.1. Preparation
8.5.2. Dielectric properties
8.6. Ba(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3
8.7. Ba(Co1/2Nb2/3)O3
8.8. Ba(Mg(Nb1/3Nb2/3)O3
8.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9. Cation deficient perovskites
9.1 Introduction
9.2. A4B3O12 ceramics
9.3. A5B4O15 ceramics.
9.4.
A6B5O18 ceramics
9.5. A8B7O24 ceramics
9.6. La2/3(Mg1/2W1/2)O3
9.7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 10. A(A1/4B2/4C1/4)O3 (A=Ca,Mg, Zn, Sr, Co..,
B=Nb,Ta) type materials
10.1 Introduction
10.2. Structure and properties of Ca5B2TiO12
[B=Nb,Ta] ceramics
10.3. Effect of dopant addition in Ca5B2TiO12 (B=Nb.Ta) ceramics
10.4. Effect of
glass addition
10.5. Effect of cationic substitution in A and B sites in Ca5B2TiO12 ceramics B=Nb,Ta)
10.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11. Alumina, titania and other materials
11.1. Alumina
11.2. Titania
11.3. CeO2
11.4. Silicates
11.5. Spinel
11.6. Tungstates
11.7. AB2O6(A=Zn,Co, Ni, Sr, Ca, Mg;B=Nb,Ta)
11.8. A4M2O9
(M=Mg, Mn, Fe, Co: A=Ta,Nb)
11.9. Ln2BaAO5 (Ln= lanthanide); A=Cu, Zn, Mg)
11.10. LnTiAO6 (A=Nb.Ta)
11.11. MgTiO3
11.12. ZnO-TiO2 system.
11.13. Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Low Temperature Cofired
Ceramics (LTCC)
12.1. Introduction
12.2. LTCC process and design aspects of microwave components
12.3 Materials selection and requirements
12.3. Important characteristics required for the glass ceramic composites
12.3.1 densification
12.3.2 ??r in the range 5-70
12.3.3. Qf>1000
12.3.4 ?af close to zero
12.3.5. High thermal conductivity
12.3.6. Thermal expansion
12.3.7. Chemical
compatibility with electrode material
12.4. Commercial LTCC materials
12.5. Glass-ceramic composites
12.6. Microwave dielectric properties
of glasses
12.7. LTCC materials and their properties
12.7.1 Alumina
12.7.2. TiO2 based LTCC
12.7.3. Li2O-M2O5-TiO2
system
12.7.4. Bismuth based materials
12.7.4.1. BiAO4 (A=Nb.TA)
12.7.4.2 BiO2-TiO2
12.7.4.3. Bi2O3-ZnO-Nb2O5
12.7.4.4. Bi12MO20-?O
12.7.5 TeO2 type
12.7.6. ZnO-TiO2 system
12.7.7. MgAlO4
and ZnAlO4
12.7.8. Tungsten-bronze type
12.7.9. Pb1-xCax(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3
12.7.10.
Ca(Li1/3Nb2/3)O3)-d
12.7.11. BaO-TiO2 system
12.7.12 Vanadate system
12.7.13. Zinc and
barium niobates
12.7.14. (MgCa)TiO3
12.7.15. Mg4(Nb/Ta)2O9
12. 7.16. Ba(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3
12.7.17. (Zr,Sn)TiO4
12.7.18. Ag(NbTa)O3 system
12.7.19. AMP)2)O7
12.7.20 ABO4
(A=Ca, Sr, Ba, Mg, Mn, Zn; B=Mo,W)
12.8. Conclusion
References
Chapter 13. Tailoring the properties of low loss dielectrics
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Solid solution formation
13.3 Use of additives
13.4 Non-stoichiometry
13.5 Stacked resonators
13.6 Tailoring
the properties by mixture formation
References
Chapter 14. Conclusion
Appendix I. Ionic radii
Appendix II. List of DRs reported
in the literature with properties and
references
| Bibliographic details |
Hardbound, 688 pages, publication date: JUN-2008
ISBN-13: 978-0-08-045330-9
ISBN-10: 0-08-045330-9
Imprint: ELSEVIER
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Last update: 5 Sep 2009
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