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By Suresh Jain, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India M. Willander, Göteborg University and Linköping University V. Kumar, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
Description Conducting polymers were discovered in 1970s in Japan. Since this discovery, there has been a steady flow of new ideas, new understanding,
new conducing polymer (organics) structures and devices with enhanced performance. Several breakthroughs have been made in the design
and fabrication technology of the organic devices. Almost all properties, mechanical, electrical, and optical, are important in organics.
This book describes the recent advances in these organic materials and devices.
Audience
Students, researchers and engineers in material science, polymers, and semiconductors
Contents Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 Advantages of conducting polymers
1.2 Early attempts for applications
1.3 Growth and properties
1.4 Active
Devices
2 Polyacetylene
2.1 Structure, Growth, and properties
2.1.1 Structure
2.1.2 Growth and doping of Polyacetylene
2.2 Band-structure
of t-PA
2.3 The solitons and the polarons
2.3.1 The solitons
2.3.2 The polarons
2.4 Transport properties
2.4.1 Mobility in selected polymers
2.4.2 Conductivity and susceptibility
3 Optical and Transport Properties
3.1 Effect of electric field on photoluminescence(PL)
3.2 The
dielectric constant
3.3 Space Charge Limited Currents
3.3.1 Early work of Mott. The Poisson and continuity equations
in a trap-free insulator
3.3.2 Effect of background doping
3.4 Polymers: The solids with traps
3.4.1 Poisson equation with trapped charges
3.4.2 Single level
traps
3.4.3 Gaussianly distributed traps
3.5 Exponential traps
3.5.1 Calculation of J(V)
3.6 Relaxation of the approximation pt A p
3.6.1
J V curves when pt 6A p
3.6.2 Trap-filled limit
3.7 Effect of finite (non-zero) Schottky barrier
3.7.1 Importance of finite barriers
3.7.2 Theory
3.7.3 Results and discussion
3.7.4 Comparison with experiment
3.8 Combined effect
3.9 Temperature effects
3.9.1 Temperature
effects in PPV-based polymers
3.9.2 Recent work
3.9.3 Temperature effects in MEH-PPV. Recent work
3.9.4 Temperature Effects in Alq3
3.10 The mobility model of charge transport
3.11 The unified model
3.11.1 Shallow Gaussian and single level traps
3.11.2 Unified model
with exponentially distributed traps
3.12 High field or Pool-Frankel Effect
3.12.1 J V characteristics
3.12.2 Calculations and comparison
with experiments
3.13 Mobility of charge carriers
3.13.1 Bulk materials
3.13.2 Mobility in blends
3.14 Important formulas
3.15 Summary
of this chapter
4 Light Emitting Diodes and Lasers
4.1 Early work
4.2 Blue, green and white emission
4.2.1 Blue and green LEDs
4.2.2
White light emission from Organic LEDs
4.3 Comparison with other LEDs
4.4 Organic solid-state lasers
4.4.1 Photo pumped lasers
4.4.2
Spectral Narrowing
4.4.3 Blue Lasers
4.5 Quantum efficiency and degradation
4.6 Stability
4.6.1 Degradation of the polymer
4.6.2 The
cathode and the black spots
4.6.3 Degradation of the anode
4.7 Soluble new 5-coordinated Al-complexes
4.8 Summary and conclusions
5 Solar
cells
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Solar Cells
5.2.1 Single and bilayer solar cells
5.2.2 Interpenetrating network of donor-acceptor
organics.
Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
5.3 Source of VOC in BHSCs
5.3.1 Effect of acceptor strength
5.3.2 More recent work
5.4 Optimum PCBM
concentration
5.4.1 Superposition principle
5.5 Modeling the output characteristics
5.5.1 The output currents
5.5.2 The model
5.6 Comparison
with other solar cells
5.6.1 Amorphous-Si solar cells
5.6.2 Polycrystalline Si solar cells
5.7 Summary and Conclusions
6 Transistors
6.1 Importance of organic TFTs
6.2 Early work
6.3 Effect of traps
6.4 High field effects
6.5 Transport in polycrystalline organics
6.5.1
Effect of grain boundaries
6.6 Pentacene TFTs
6.7 Contacts
6.8 Organic Photo-transistor
6.9 Organic dielectrics
Bibliography
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