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By Paul Wheeler, Trained at the BBC rising to become a Senior Drama Film Cameraman. A renowned cinematographer/director of photography, and previous Head
of Cinematography at National Film & Television School where he still runs courses on Digital Cinematography. Previous Head of Cinematography
on the Royal College of Arts MA course. Twice nominated by BAFTA for a Best Cinematography award and twice winner of the INDIE award
for Best Digital Cinematography.
Description Filmmaking is an art, but, like so many art forms, there are basic underlying tools and techniques and a body theoretical knowledge that
must be understood and mastered before artistic expression can flourish. This book is an invaluable resource for all aspiring DoPs.
Practical Cinematography can be dipped into for quick reference - perhaps to answer a specific question or deal with practical problems
relating to a shoot - or read from cover to cover. It discusses the principles of cinematography and the expertise which is unique to
the Director of Photography (DoP). It deals with all the basic theory such as color temperature and sensitometry, and all the practical
things a DoP needs to know, from the make-up of the crew to how to prepare an equipment list.
Audience
Cinematographers, camera assistants, students.
Contents PART ONE The unit
The Director of Photography
The DP?s Responsibilities
In early Pre-production
Closer to shoot preparation
During
shooting
Post production
The DP?s Preparation
Research
Preparing for a shoot
The recces
The DP?s preparation
The camera equipment list
The lighting equipment list
The film stock breakdown
The technical schedule
The Camera Crew
An Overview
The Trainee
The Clapper Loader
(AC 2)
The Focus Puller (AC 1)
The Camera Operator
The Grip
The Gaffer
Crew Protocol
PART TWO The Technology
The Motion Picture
Camera
The Persistence of Vision
Frame Rates
The Intermittent Mechanism
The Reflex Viewfinder
Viewing Screens
The Film Magazine
Film
Camera Layout
Lenses
Artistic Decisions
Characteristics of Lenses
The Fundamentals
Perceived sharpness with regard to contrast
Maximum
aperture
Telephoto lenses
Wide-angle lenses
Zooms
Conclusions
Choice
Modern Lens Designs
Lens Distortion and Aberrations
Film Stock
What
is Film?
The history of the negative/positive photographic process
The basic photographic process
Colour Negative Film
Grain and Graininess
When does Grain become unacceptable?
Perforations
Edge Numbers
Care, Shipping and Handling
Basic Sensitometry
The Laboratory
The Laboratory
Contact
Printer Lights
Contact Printing
Optical Printing
Negative Cutting
Cinema Release Prints
The ?Long Handled? Negative Cut
Film
Grading
Telecine Grading
PART THREE The Cinematographers Craft
Exposure Meters
Camera Speed
Shutter Speed
Average Scene Reflectance
Value
Types of Exposure Meter
Lighting Ratios
Defining a Lighting Ratio
Visualising Lighting Ratios
Lighting Ratios for Film and Television
Lighting Ratios when shooting for both Film and
Television
Using Lighting Ratios on the Set
Controlling the Whole Scene
Three Point
Image Control
There?s no such thing as exposure latitude
Three Point Image Control
Relating the three points to the sensitometric curve
Control for television
Using the 18% Grey Scale
The Messenger
Controlling Print Density
Shifting Colour
Intentional Colour Changes
Developments
in Grey Cards
Conclusions
Colour Temperature
What is Colour Temperature?
Filters and Mired Shift Values
The Colour Temperature Meter
Colour Film
Correcting Lamps
Camera Filters
Colour Compensating Filters
Colour Correction Filters
Skin Tone Warmer
Sepia, Coral, colour
effects, etc.
Graduated Filters
Neutral Density
Low Contrast
Ultra Contrast
Fog
Double fog
Pro Mist
Star filters
Nets
Matching Shots
Enhancing Filters
Fluorescent Light Correction
Pola Screens
Filter Factors
The Pan Glass
Depth of Field
Depth of Focus
Circles of Confusion
Depth of Field and Super 16mm to 35mm Blow Ups
Super 16mm and 16 x 9 Television
35mm Film Depth of Field when only shown on Television
Depth of Field Calculators
The Effect of Aperture on Depth of field
The Effect of Focal Length on Depth of Field
The Mathematics of Depth
of Field
Testing
Why so much checking?
Who Checks?
Tests that involve shooting film include:
Lens Testing
Gamma Testing
What to do with
the Film Tests
Non Film Testing
Stores
The Camera Car
PART FOUR Operating
Composition and the Rule of Thirds
Framing using the
Rule of Thirds
Framing using the Sixths
Diagonal Framing
Complex and Combined Composition
Lenses and Perspective
Frame Size and Focal
Length
Perspective
Focal length and emotional involvement
What is a Normal focal length?
Aspect Ratios
The 35mm Frame
The Aspect Ratio
Widescreen
Three Perforation Pull Down
Two perforation pull down
Anamorphic
65mm and 70mm
Super 35
Television
PART FIVE The Future
Shooting Super 16mm for Television
Aspect Ratios when shooting for television
History - The evolution of the Super 16mm format
16 x 9
Television and Super 16
Framing in several formats
Framing Solutions
Festival Prints
High Definition
HD – is it the future?
Picture Quality
HD Acquisition
Multi episodic
Features
Television
Editing HD
Presentation
Distribution
Cinema projection
Will Digital Cinema come?
So,
film is not dead!
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