Transport Phenomena and Transport Processes To order this title, and for more information, click here
By Akwasi Boateng
Description Rotary Kilns?rotating industrial drying ovens?are used for a wide variety of applications including processing raw minerals and feedstocks
as well as heat-treating hazardous wastes. They are particularly critical in the manufacture of Portland cement. Their design and operation
is critical to their efficient usage, which if done incorrectly can result in improperly treated materials and excessive, high fuel costs.
This professional reference book will be the first comprehensive book in many years that treats all engineering aspects of rotary kilns,
including a thorough grounding in the thermal and fluid principles involved in their operation, as well as how to properly design an
engineering process that uses rotary kilns.
Chapter 1: The Rotary Kiln Evolution & Phenomenon
Chapter 2: Basic Description of Rotary
Kiln Operation
Chapter 3: Freeboard Aerodynamic Phenomena
Chapter 4: Granular Flows in Rotary Kilns
Chapter 5: Mixing & Segregation
Chapter 6: Combustion and Flame
Chapter 7: Freeboard Heat Transfer
Chapter 8: Heat Transfer Processes in the Rotary Kiln Bed
Chapter
9: Mass & Energy Balance
Chapter 10: Rotary Kiln Minerals Process Applications
Audience
?Professional Mechanical Engineers working in heating and drying processes; Chemical Engineers; Materials Engineers
Contents Chapter 1: The Rotary Kiln Evolution & Phenomenon
*The Rotary Kiln Evolution
*Types of Rotary Kilns
*Wet Kilns
*Long Kilns
Short Dry Kilns
Coolers and Dryers
References
Chapter 2: Basic Description of Rotary Kiln Operation
Subtopics
anticipated will include but not limited to the following:
Bed Phenomenon
Geometrical Features and their Transport Effects
Transverse
Bed Motion
Experimental Observations of Transverse Flow Behavior
Axial Motion
Dimensionless Residence Time
References
Chapter 3: Freeboard Aerodynamic Phenomena
Fluid Flow in Pipes - General Background
Basic Equations of Multicomponent Reacting
Flows
Development of a Turbulent Jet
Confined Jets
Swirling Jets
Precessing Jets
The Particle-laden Jet
Dust Entrainment
Induced Draft Fan
References
Chapter 4: Granular Flows in Rotary Kilns
Flow of Granular Materials (Granular Flows)
The Equations of Motion for Granular Flows
Particulate Flow Behavior in Rotary Kilns
Overview of the Observed Flow Behavior in a Rotary
Drums
Modeling the Granular Flow in the Transverse Plain
Particulate Flow Model in Rotary Kilns
Model Description
Simplifying
Assumptions
Governing Equations for Momentum Conservation
Integral Equation for Momentum Conservation
Solution of the Momentum Equation
in the Active Layer of the Bed
Velocity Profile in the Active Layer
Density and Granular Temperature Profiles
An Analytical Expression
for the Thickness of the Active Layer
Numerical Solution Scheme for the Momentum Equation
Model Results and Validation
Application of the Flow Model
References
Chapter 5: Mixing & Segregation
Modeling of Particle Mixing and Segregation
in Rotary Kilns
Bed Segregation Model
The Governing Equations for Segregation
Boundary Conditions
Solution of the Segregation
Equation
Numerical Solution of the Governing Equations
Validation of the Segregation Model
Application of Segregation Model
References
Chapter 6: Combustion and Flame
Combustion
Mole and Mass Fractions
Combustion Chemistry
Practical
Stoichiometry
Adiabatic flame temperature
Types of Fuels used in Rotary Kilns
Coal Types, Ranking, and Analysis
Petroleum
Coke Combustion
Scrap Tire Combustion
Pulverized Fuel (coal/coke) Firing in Kilns
Pulverized Fuel Delivery and Firing Systems
Estimation of Combustion Air Requirement
Reaction Kinetics of Carbon Particles
Fuel Oil Firing
Combustion Modeling
Flow
Visualization Modeling (Acid Alkali Modeling)
Mathematical Modeling including CFD
Gas-Phase Conservation Equations used in CFD Modeling
Particle-Phase Conservation Equations used in CFD Modeling
Emissions Modeling
CFD Evaluation of a Rotary Kiln Pulverized
Fuel Burner
Reference
Chapter 7: Freeboard Heat Transfer
Overview of Heat Transfer Mechanisms
Conduction Heat Transfer
Convection Heat Transfer
Conduction-Convection Problems
Shell Losses
Refractory Lining Materials
Radiation
Heat Transfer
The concept of blackbody
Radiation Shape Factors
Radiation Exchange Between Multiple Gray Surfaces
Radiative Effect of Combustion Gases
Heat Transfer Coefficients for Radiation in the Freeboard of a Rotary Kiln
Radiative
Exchange from the Freeboard Gas to
Exposed Bed and Wall Surfaces
Radiative Heat Transfer among Exposed Freeboard
Surfaces
Reference
Chapter 8: Heat Transfer Processes in the Rotary Kiln Bed
Heat Transfer between the Covered Wall
and the Bed
Modified Penetration Model for Rotary Kiln Wall-to-Bed Heat Transfer
Effective Thermal Conductivity of Packed
Beds
Effective Thermal Conductivity in Rotating Bed Mode
Thermal Modeling of Rotary Kiln Processes
Description of the Thermal
Model
One-dimensional Thermal Model for Bed and Freeboard
Two-dimensional Thermal Model for the Bed
The Combined Axial and
Cross-sectional Model –
The Quasi 3-Dimensional Model for the Bed
Solution Procedure
Model Results and Application
Single-Particle Heat transfer Modeling for Expanded Shale Processing
Reference
Chapter 9: Mass & Energy Balance
Chemical Thermodynamics
Gibbs Free Energy and Entropy
Global Heat and Material Balance
Thermal Module for Chemically
Reactive System
Mass Balance Inputs
Chemical Compositions
Energy Balance Inputs
Chapter 10: Rotary Kiln Minerals
Process Applications
Lime Making
Limestone Dissociation (Calcination)
The rotary Lime Kiln
The Cement Making Process
The Cement Process chemistry
Rotary Cement Kiln Energy Usage
Mineral Ore Reduction Processes in Rotary Kilns
The Rotary
Kiln SL/RN Process
Roasting of Titaniferous Materials
The Rotary Kiln Lightweight Aggregate Making Process
Raw Material
Characterization
Mineralogy
Thermal History
References
Appendices
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