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By Paul E. Minton, Union Carbide, WV, USA
Description This excellent volume combines a great deal of data only previously available from many different sources into a single, informative volume.
It presents evaporation technology as it exists today. Although evaporation is one of the oldest unit operations, it is also an area
with dramatic changes in the last quarter century. Although other methods of separation are available, evaporation remains the best process
for many applications. All factors must be evaluated in order to select the best evaporator type. This book will be extremely useful
in evaluating and deciding which evaporation technology will meet a particular set of requirements.
Audience
Chemical and biochemical engineers throughout industry.
Contents 1. Introduction
2. Evaporation
3. What an Evaporator Does
4. Evaporator Elements
5. Liquid Characteristics
Concentration
Foaming
Temperature Sensitivity
Salting
Scaling
Fouling
Corrosion
Product Quality
Other Fluid Properties
6. Improvements in Evaporators
7. Heat Transfer in Evaporators
Modes of Heat Transfer
Types of Heat Transfer Operations
Physical Properties
8. Pressure Drop in
Evaporators
Flow Inside Tubes
Flow Across the Tube Banks
9. Flow-Induced Vibration
Mechanisms
Vortex Shedding
Turbulent Buffeting
Fluid-Elastic Whirling
Parallel Flow Eddy Formation
Acoustic Vibration
Recommendations
Design Criteria
Fixing Vibration Problems
in the Field
Proprietary Designs to Reduce Vibration
10. Natural Circulation Calandrias
Operation
Surging
Flow Instabilities
Internal Calandrias
Feed Location
Summary
11. Evaporator Types and Applications
Jacketed Vessels
Coils
Horizontal Tube Evaporators
Short Tube Vertical Evaporators
Long Tube Vertical Evaporators
Forced Circulation Evaporator
Plate Evaporators
Mechanically-Aided
Evaporators
Submerged Combustion Evaporators
Flash Evaporators
Special Evaporator Types
12. Fouling
Cost of Fouling
Classification
of Fouling
Net Rate of Fouling
Sequential Events in Fouling
Precipitation Fouling
Particulate Fouling
Chemical Reaction Fouling
Corrosion Fouling
Biofouling
Solidification Fouling
Fouling in Evaporation
Design Considerations
Fouling: Philosophy of Design
13. Evaporator Performance
Venting
Time/Temperature Relation
Pressure Versus Vacuum Operation
Energy Economy
Steam Condensate
Recovery
14. Vapor-Liquid Separation
Entrainment
Flash Tanks
Wire Mesh Separators
Vane Impingement Separators
Centrifugal Separators
Cyclones
Other Separators
Comparison
Solids Deposition
Falling Film Evaporators
Flashing
Splashing
Foaming
15. Multiple-Effect
Evaporators
Forward Feed
Backward Feed
Mixed Feed
Parallel Feed
Staging
Heat Recovery Systems
Calculations
Optimization
16. Heat Pumps
Conventional Heat Pump
Overhead Vapor Compression
Calandria Liquid Flashing
17. Compression Evaporation
18. Thermal
Compression
Thermocompressor Operation
Thermocompressor Characteristics
Thermocompressor Types
Estimating Data
Control
Application
19. Mechanical Vapor Compression
Thermodynamics
Factors Affecting Costs
Compressor Selection
Factors Influencing Design
Drive
Systems
Centrifugal Compressor Characteristics
System Characteristics
Reliability
Evaporator Design
Application
Summary
Economics
20. Desalination
Startup and Operability
Complexity
Maintenance
Energy Efficiency
Capital Cost
Operating Temperature
Materials of Construction
Pretreatment
Chemicals and Auxiliary Energy
21. Evaporator Accessories
22. Condensers
Direct Contact
Condensers
Surface Condensers
23. Vacuum Producing Equipment
Jet Ejectors
Mechanical Pumps
Vacuum System Reliability/Maintenance
Multistage Combinations
Sizing Information
Estimating Energy Requirements
Initial System Evacuation
Control of Vacuum Systems
Costs of Vacuum Systems
Comparisons
Energy Conservation
24. Condensate Removal
Liquid Level Control
Steam Traps
Mechanical
Traps
Thermostatic Traps
Thermodynamic Traps
Steam Trap Specification
Common Trap Problems
Selection of Steam Traps
Installation
Effect of Carbon Dioxide
Steam Trap Maintenance
25. Process Pumps
General Types of Pump Designs
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
Cavitation
Principles of Pumps and Pumping Systems
Avoiding Common Errors
26. Process Piping
Designing Drain Piping
Compressible
Fluids
Two-Phase Flow
Slurry Flow
Piping Layout
27. Thermal Insulation
28. Pipeline and Equipment Heat Tracing
29. Process Vessels
30. Refrigeration
Mechanical Refrigeration
Steam Jet Refrigeration
Absorption Refrigeration
31. Control
Manual Control
Evaporator
Control Systems
Control of Evaporators
Auto-Select Control System
Product Concentration
Condenser Control
Calandria Control
Evaporator Base Sections and Accumulators
Guidelines for Instruments
Process Computers
32. Thermal Design Considerations
Tube
Size and Arrangement
Extended Surfaces
Shellside Impingement Protection
Flow Distribution
33. Installation
Venting
Siphons
in Cooling Water Piping
U-Bend Exchangers
Equipment Layout
Piping
34. Design Practices for Maintenance
Standard Practices
Repair
Features
Chemical Cleaning Equipment
Mechanical Cleaning Equipment
Backwashing
Air Injection
35. Mechanical Design
Maximum
Allowable Working Pressure and Temperature
Upset Conditions
Thermal Expansion
Tube-to-Tubesheet Joints
Double Tubesheets
Inspection
Techniques
36. Safety
Common Errors
Safety Relief
37. Materials of Construction
Basic Questions
Selection
38. Testing Evaporators
Planning the Test
Causes of Poor Performance
39. Troubleshooting
Calandrias
Condensers
Vacuum Fails to Build
No Vacuum in
Steam Chest
Vacuum Builds Slowly
Foaming
Inadequate Circulation
Sudden Loss of Vacuum
Vacuum Fluctuates
Water Surge in Tail
Pipe
Barometric Condenser Flooding
40. Upgrading Existing Evaporators
Areas for Upgrading Existing Evaporators
Economic Effects
of Improvements
Guidelines for Upgrading Program
41. Energy Conservation
42. Specifying Evaporators
Comparing Vendors' Offerings
43. New Technology
44. Nomenclature
Greek
Subscripts
Bibliography
Index
Bibliographic details
Hardbound, 409 pages, publication date: DEC-1987
ISBN-13: 978-0-8155-1097-0
ISBN-10: 0-8155-1097-7
Imprint: WILLIAM ANDREW
Price and Ordering
Price: GBP 88.99 USD 147 EUR 104.95
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