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EVIDENCE-BASED OBSTETRICS
A Companion Volume to High Risk Pregnancy, 2nd Edition
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By
David James , MA, MD, FRCOG, DCH, Professor of Fetomaternal Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
Kassam Mahomed , MBChB, FRCOG, MD, FRANZCOG
Peter Stone , MBChB, MD, FRCOG, FRANZCOG, DDU, CMEM
Willem van Wijngaarden , MD, DM, MRCOG, DGO
Lyndon Hill , MD, FACOG
Description
This companion to James et al's popular HIGH RISK PREGNANCY, 2ND EDITION, summarizes the evidence for a broad range of obstetric clinical
problems. Its convenient handbook summary style and cross references to HIGH RISK PREGNANCY make it perfect for on-the-spot consultations
and for further study.
Audience
Primary: Obstetricians and Nurse Practitioners
Secondary: Midwives
Contents
PREPREGNANCY
1 PREPREGNANCY EDUCATION
1.1
Nutritional Preparation for Pregnancy
1.2
Exercise
1.3
Work
2 ORGANIZATION OF PRENATAL CARE
2.1
Organization
of Prenatal Care and Identification of Risk
3 GENETIC COUNSELING
3.1
Genetic Counseling
4
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
4.1
Pregnancy in Adolescence
4.2
Advanced Maternal Age and Pregnancy
4.3
Pregnancy in Women at the Extremes of Parity
4.4
Pregnancy in Women with Poor Socioeconomic Background
4.5
Pregnancy in Women from Different Ethnic Backgrounds
5 MATERNAL WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN
5.1
Pregnancy in Underweight Women
5.2
Pregnancy in Overweight Women
5.3
Abnormal Weight
Gain in Pregnancy
EARLY PREGNANCY
6 BLEEDING IN EARLY PREGNANCY
6.1
Bleeding in Early
Pregnancy
7 RECURRENT MISCARRIAGE 7.1
Recurrent Miscarriage
8 SCREENING FOR FETAL ABNORMALITY
8.1
Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein Screening for Neural Tube Defects
8.2
Serum Screening for Fetal Chromosomal Abnormality
8.3
The Routine Obstetric Ultrasound Scan
9 INVASIVE FETAL PROCEDURES
9.1
Chorion
Villus Sampling and Placental Biopsy
9.2
Amniocentisis
9.3
Fetal Blood Sampling Before Labor
9.4
Fetal Tissue Biopsy
9.5
Selective Reduction of Pregnancy
FETAL PROBLEMS
10
FETAL HEALTH
10.1
Assessing Fetal Health
11 FETAL GROWTH
11.1
Fetal Growth Restriction
12 ABNORMALITIES OF AMNIOTIC FLUID
12.1
Abnormalities of Amniotic
Fluid
13 FETAL DEATH
13.1
Fetal Death
14 FETAL HYDROPS 14.1
Fetal Hydrops
15 FETAL HEMOLYTIC DISEASE 15.1
Fetal Hemolytic Disease
16 FETAL THROMBOCYTOPENIA 16.1
Fetal
Thrombocytopenia
17 FETAL CARDIAC PROBLEMS 17.1
Fetal Arrhythmias
17.2
Cardiac Malformations
18 CRANIOSPINAL AND FACIAL ABNORMALITIES 18.1
Open Neural Tube Defects: Anencephaly, Cephalocele and Spina
Bifida
18.2
Hydrocephalus
18.3
The Holoprosencephaly Sequence
18.4
Facial
Clefts
18.5
Dandy-Walker Malformation
18.6
Aneurysm of the Vein of Galen
18.7
Hydranencephaly
18.8
Microcephaly
18.9
Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum
18.10
Intracranial
Hemorrhage and Porencephaly
18.11
Choroid Plexus Cyst
18.12
Cystic Hygroma
18.13
Caudal Regression Syndrome
19 GENITOURINARY MALFORMATIONS 19.1
Gentourinary Malformations
20
GASTROINTESTINAL ABNORMALITIES 20.1
Omphalocele
20.2
Gastroschisis
20.3
Congenital
Diaphragmatic Hernia
20.4
Esophageal Atresia (± Fistula)
20.5
Duodenal Atresia
20.6
Jejunoileal Atresia
20.7
Large bowel Obstruction, anal Atresia, Imperforate Anus
20.8
Meconium
Ileus/Peritonitis
20.9
Intra-Abdominal Echolucent ('cystic') Structures
20.10
Echogenic Bowel
and Liver
21 SKELETAL ABNORMALITIES 21.1
Skeletal Abnormalities
22 FETAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 22.1
Fetal Hyperthyroidism
22.2
Fetal Hypothyroidism
22.3
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
23 FETAL TUMORS 23.1
Fetal Tumors
INFECTION
24 INFECTION 24.1
Measles
(Rubeola)
24.2
Rubella
24.3
Varicella-zoster Virus
24.4
Cytomegalovirus
24.5
Parvovirus B19
24.6
Herpes Simplex Virus (Genital)
24.7
Hepatitis
B Virus
24.8
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
24.9
Listeriosis
24.10
Toxoplasmosis
24.11
Urinary Tract Infections
24.12
Intra-amniotic Infections (Chorioamnionitis)
24.13
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
24.14
Candidiasis
24.15
Group B Streptococcal Infection
24.16
Tuberculosis
24.17
Malaria
24.18
Lyme disease
MATERNAL
PROBLEMS
25 SMOKING AND DRUGS
25.1
Cigarette Smoking
25.2
Alcohol
25.3
Drug
Abuse: General
25.4
Drug Abuse: Specific - heroin, cocaine, barbiturates etc.
25.5
Medication
During Pregnancy
26 HYPERTENSION, PREECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA
26.1
Chronic hypertension
26.2
Preeclampsia
26.3
Severe/Acute Hypertension
26.4
Eclampsia
27 DIABETES
27.1
Diabetes
28 CARDIAC DISEASE
28.1
Cardiac disease: General
28.2
Cardiac disease:
Specific
29 THYROID DISEASE
29.1
Hyperthyroidism
29.2
Hypothyroidism
29.3
Thyroid Nodule in Pregnancy
30 PITUITARY AND ADRENAL DISEASE
30.1
Pituitary Disorders
30.2
Adrenal Disease
31 HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASE
31.1
Iron- and Folate-Deficiency Anemia
31.2
Sickle-cell Anemia
31.3
Thrombocytopenia
31.4
Abnormalities in neutrophil count
31.5
Coagulation Disorders: Congenital
31.6
Coagulation Disorders: Acquired
31.7
Nonleukemic
Myeloproliferative Disorders
31.8
Hematological Malignancies
32 RESPIRATORY DISEASE
32.1
Breathlessness
32.2
Asthma
32.3
Sarcoid
32.4
Tuberculosis
32.5
Kyphoscoliosis
32.6
Cystic Fibrosis (maternal)
32.7
Pneumonia
33
HEPATIC AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE
33.1
Obstetric Cholestasis
33.2
Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy
33.3
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
33.4
The liver in severe Preeclampsia
33.5
Peptic
Ulceration in Pregnancy
33.6
Celiac Disease in Pregnancy
33.7
Inflammatory Bowel Disease in
Pregnancy
34 NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE
34.1
Seizures
34.2
Cerebrovascular Disease
34.3
Headache
34.4
Mononeuropathies
34.5
Polyneuropathies
34.6
Myotonic Dystrophy
34.7
Multiple Sclerosis
34.8
Cerebral Tumors
34.9
Movement
Disorders
34.10
Cerebral Abscess
35 RENAL DISEASE
35.1
Chronic
Renal Insufficiency
35.2
Chronic Hemodialysis
35.3
Renal Transplantation
35.4
Acute
Renal Failure
35.5
Nephrolithiasis
36 AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
36.1
Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus
36.2
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
36.3
Rheumatoid Arthritis
36.4
Systemic
Sclerosis
36.5
Myasthenia Gravis
37 ORTHOPEDIC, BACK AND JOINT PROBLEMS
37.1
General
Evaluation of Back and Pelvic Pain
37.2
Management of Back and Pelvic Pain during Pregnancy
37.3
Scoliosis
37.4
Pelvic Arthropathy
37.5
Rupture of the Pubic Symphysis
37.6
Hip Problems
38 THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE
38.1
Thromboembolic Disease
39 DERMATOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
39.1
Preexisting Skin Disorders
39.2
Pruritus in Pregnancy
39.3
Rashes in Pregnancy
40
BENIGN GYNECOLOGICAL DISEASE
40.1
Subfertility
40.2
Ovarian Cysts
40.3
Fibroids
40.4
Prolapse
40.5
Other Gynecological Diseases and Problems
41 MALIGNANT
DISEASE (NONHEMATOLOGICAL)
41.1
Cervical Cancer
41.2
Ovarian Cancer
41.3
Other Gynecological Malignant Disease
41.4
Breast Cancer
41.5
Malignant Melanoma
41.6
Colorectal Carcinoma
41.7
Thyroid Cancer
42 TRAUMA
42.1
General
Management Options
42.2
Blunt Trauma
42.3
Penetrating Trauma
42.4
Burns
42.5
Electrical Injury
42.6
Perimortem Cesarean Section
43 ABDOMINAL PAIN
43.1
Round Ligament Pain
43.2
Severe Uterine Torsion
43.3
Heartburn, Excess Vomiting and
Constipation
43.4
Uterine Fibroids
43.5
Uterine Rupture
43.6
Torsion or
Adnexa
43.7
Appendicitis
43.8
Intestinal Obstruction
43.9
Cholecystitis
43.10
Acute Pancreatitis
43.11
Abdominal Pregnancy
LATE PREGNANCY
44
BLEEDING IN LATE PREGNANCY
44.1
Bleeding in Late Pregnancy
45 MULTIPLE PREGNANCY 45.1
Multiple
Pregnancy: General problems
45.2
Multiple Pregnancy: Specific problems
46 PREMATURITY
46.1
Threatened and Actual Preterm Labor
46.2
Premature Rupture of the Membranes
LABOR
AND DELIVERY
47 LABOR AMD DELIVERY PROBLEMS
47.1
Breech Presentation
47.2
Unstable Lie
47.3
Prolonged Pregnancy
47.4
Induction of Labor and Termination for Fetal Abnormality
47.5
Poor
progress in Labor
47.6
Fetal Distress in Labor
47.7
Pain During Parturition
47.8
Assisted Vaginal Delivery
47.9
Previous Cesarean Section
47.10
Cesarean Section
POSTNATAL
48
POSTNATAL PROBLEMS
48.1
Postpartum Hemorrhage
48.2
Other Problems of the Third Stage
48.3
Resuscitation and Immediate Care of the Newborn
48.4
Counseling about Neonatal Problems
48.5
Puerperal Problems
48.6
Postnatal Contraception and Sterilization
PREPREGNANCY
1
PREPREGNANCY EDUCATION
1.1
Nutritional Preparation for Pregnancy
1.2
Exercise
1.3
Work
2 ORGANIZATION OF PRENATAL CARE
2.1
Organization of Prenatal Care and Identification
of Risk
3 GENETIC COUNSELING
3.1
Genetic Counseling
4 SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
4.1
Pregnancy in Adolescence
4.2
Advanced Maternal Age and Pregnancy
4.3
Pregnancy in
Women at the Extremes of Parity
4.4
Pregnancy in Women with Poor Socioeconomic Background
4.5
Pregnancy
in Women from Different Ethnic Backgrounds
5 MATERNAL WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN
5.1
Pregnancy in Underweight
Women
5.2
Pregnancy in Overweight Women
5.3
Abnormal Weight Gain in Pregnancy
EARLY
PREGNANCY
6 BLEEDING IN EARLY PREGNANCY
6.1
Bleeding in Early Pregnancy
7 RECURRENT MISCARRIAGE 7.1
Recurrent Miscarriage
8 SCREENING FOR FETAL ABNORMALITY
8.1
Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein Screening
for Neural Tube Defects
8.2
Serum Screening for Fetal Chromosomal Abnormality
8.3
The Routine
Obstetric Ultrasound Scan
9 INVASIVE FETAL PROCEDURES
9.1
Chorion Villus Sampling and Placental
Biopsy
9.2
Amniocentisis
9.3
Fetal Blood Sampling Before Labor
9.4
Fetal
Tissue Biopsy
9.5
Selective Reduction of Pregnancy
FETAL PROBLEMS
10 FETAL HEALTH
10.1
Assessing Fetal Health
11 FETAL GROWTH
11.1
Fetal Growth Restriction
12
ABNORMALITIES OF AMNIOTIC FLUID
12.1
Abnormalities of Amniotic Fluid
13 FETAL DEATH
13.1
Fetal
Death
14 FETAL HYDROPS 14.1
Fetal Hydrops
15 FETAL HEMOLYTIC DISEASE 15.1
Fetal
Hemolytic Disease
16 FETAL THROMBOCYTOPENIA 16.1
Fetal Thrombocytopenia
17 FETAL CARDIAC PROBLEMS 17.1
Fetal Arrhythmias
17.2
Cardiac Malformations
18 CRANIOSPINAL AND FACIAL ABNORMALITIES 18.1
Open Neural Tube Defects: Anencephaly, Cephalocele and Spina Bifida
18.2
Hydrocephalus
18.3
The Holoprosencephaly Sequence
18.4
Facial Clefts
18.5
Dandy-Walker Malformation
18.6
Aneurysm of the Vein of Galen
18.7
Hydranencephaly
18.8
Microcephaly
18.9
Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum
18.10
Intracranial Hemorrhage and Porencephaly
18.11
Choroid
Plexus Cyst
18.12
Cystic Hygroma
18.13
Caudal Regression Syndrome
19 GENITOURINARY
MALFORMATIONS 19.1
Gentourinary Malformations
20 GASTROINTESTINAL ABNORMALITIES 20.1
Omphalocele
20.2
Gastroschisis
20.3
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
20.4
Esophageal
Atresia (± Fistula)
20.5
Duodenal Atresia
20.6
Jejunoileal Atresia
20.7
Large bowel Obstruction, anal Atresia, Imperforate Anus
20.8
Meconium Ileus/Peritonitis
20.9
Intra-Abdominal Echolucent ('cystic') Structures
20.10
Echogenic Bowel and Liver
21 SKELETAL
ABNORMALITIES 21.1
Skeletal Abnormalities
22 FETAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 22.1
Fetal Hyperthyroidism
22.2
Fetal Hypothyroidism
22.3
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
23 FETAL TUMORS 23.1
Fetal
Tumors
INFECTION
24 INFECTION 24.1
Measles (Rubeola)
24.2
Rubella
24.3
Varicella-zoster Virus
24.4
Cytomegalovirus
24.5
Parvovirus B19
24.6
Herpes Simplex Virus (Genital)
24.7
Hepatitis B Virus
24.8
Human Immunodeficiency
Virus
24.9
Listeriosis
24.10
Toxoplasmosis
24.11
Urinary Tract Infections
24.12
Intra-amniotic Infections (Chorioamnionitis)
24.13
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
24.14
Candidiasis
24.15
Group B Streptococcal Infection
24.16
Tuberculosis
24.17
Malaria
24.18
Lyme disease
MATERNAL PROBLEMS
25 SMOKING AND DRUGS
25.1
Cigarette Smoking
25.2
Alcohol
25.3
Drug Abuse: General
25.4
Drug
Abuse: Specific - heroin, cocaine, barbiturates etc.
25.5
Medication During Pregnancy
26 HYPERTENSION,
PREECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA
26.1
Chronic hypertension
26.2
Preeclampsia
26.3
Severe/Acute
Hypertension
26.4
Eclampsia
27 DIABETES
27.1
Diabetes
28 CARDIAC DISEASE
28.1
Cardiac disease: General
28.2
Cardiac disease: Specific
29 THYROID DISEASE
29.1
Hyperthyroidism
29.2
Hypothyroidism
29.3
Thyroid Nodule in Pregnancy
30
PITUITARY AND ADRENAL DISEASE
30.1
Pituitary Disorders
30.2
Adrenal Disease
31
HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASE
31.1
Iron- and Folate-Deficiency Anemia
31.2
Sickle-cell Anemia
31.3
Thrombocytopenia
31.4
Abnormalities in neutrophil count
31.5
Coagulation Disorders:
Congenital
31.6
Coagulation Disorders: Acquired
31.7
Nonleukemic Myeloproliferative Disorders
31.8
Hematological Malignancies
32 RESPIRATORY DISEASE
32.1
Breathlessness
32.2
Asthma
32.3
Sarcoid
32.4
Tuberculosis
32.5
Kyphoscoliosis
32.6
Cystic Fibrosis (maternal)
32.7
Pneumonia
33 HEPATIC AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE
33.1
Obstetric Cholestasis
33.2
Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy
33.3
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
33.4
The liver in severe Preeclampsia
33.5
Peptic Ulceration in Pregnancy
33.6
Celiac Disease in Pregnancy
33.7
Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Pregnancy
34 NEUROMUSCULAR
DISEASE
34.1
Seizures
34.2
Cerebrovascular Disease
34.3
Headache
34.4
Mononeuropathies
34.5
Polyneuropathies
34.6
Myotonic Dystrophy
34.7
Multiple
Sclerosis
34.8
Cerebral Tumors
34.9
Movement Disorders
34.10
Cerebral
Abscess
35 RENAL DISEASE
35.1
Chronic Renal Insufficiency
35.2
Chronic
Hemodialysis
35.3
Renal Transplantation
35.4
Acute Renal Failure
35.5
Nephrolithiasis
36 AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
36.1
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
36.2
Antiphospholipid
Syndrome
36.3
Rheumatoid Arthritis
36.4
Systemic Sclerosis
36.5
Myasthenia
Gravis
37 ORTHOPEDIC, BACK AND JOINT PROBLEMS
37.1
General Evaluation of Back and Pelvic Pain
37.2
Management of Back and Pelvic Pain during Pregnancy
37.3
Scoliosis
37.4
Pelvic Arthropathy
37.5
Rupture of the Pubic Symphysis
37.6
Hip Problems
38 THROMBOEMBOLIC
DISEASE
38.1
Thromboembolic Disease
39 DERMATOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
39.1
Preexisting Skin
Disorders
39.2
Pruritus in Pregnancy
39.3
Rashes in Pregnancy
40 BENIGN
GYNECOLOGICAL DISEASE
40.1
Subfertility
40.2
Ovarian Cysts
40.3
Fibroids
40.4
Prolapse
40.5
Other Gynecological Diseases and Problems
41 MALIGNANT DISEASE (NONHEMATOLOGICAL)
41.1
Cervical Cancer
41.2
Ovarian Cancer
41.3
Other Gynecological Malignant Disease
41.4
Breast Cancer
41.5
Malignant Melanoma
41.6
Colorectal Carcinoma
41.7
Thyroid
Cancer
42 TRAUMA
42.1
General Management Options
42.2
Blunt Trauma
42.3
Penetrating Trauma
42.4
Burns
42.5
Electrical Injury
42.6
Perimortem
Cesarean Section
43 ABDOMINAL PAIN
43.1
Round Ligament Pain
43.2
Severe Uterine
Torsion
43.3
Heartburn, Excess Vomiting and Constipation
43.4
Uterine Fibroids
43.5
Uterine Rupture
43.6
Torsion or Adnexa
43.7
Appendicitis
43.8
Intestinal
Obstruction
43.9
Cholecystitis
43.10
Acute Pancreatitis
43.11
Abdominal
Pregnancy
LATE PREGNANCY
44 BLEEDING IN LATE PREGNANCY
44.1
Bleeding in Late Pregnancy
45 MULTIPLE PREGNANCY 45.1
Multiple Pregnancy: General problems
45.2
Multiple Pregnancy:
Specific problems
46 PREMATURITY
46.1
Threatened and Actual Preterm Labor
46.2
Premature
Rupture of the Membranes
LABOR AND DELIVERY
47 LABOR AMD DELIVERY PROBLEMS
47.1
Breech
Presentation
47.2
Unstable Lie
47.3
Prolonged Pregnancy
47.4
Induction
of Labor and Termination for Fetal Abnormality
47.5
Poor progress in Labor
47.6
Fetal Distress
in Labor
47.7
Pain During Parturition
47.8
Assisted Vaginal Delivery
47.9
Previous
Cesarean Section
47.10
Cesarean Section
POSTNATAL
48 POSTNATAL PROBLEMS
48.1
Postpartum Hemorrhage
48.2
Other Problems of the Third Stage
48.3
Resuscitation and
Immediate Care of the Newborn
48.4
Counseling about Neonatal Problems
48.5
Puerperal Problems
48.6
Postnatal Contraception and Sterilization
Bibliographic details
Paperback, 424 pages, publication date: OCT-2002
ISBN-13: 978-0-7020-2547-1
ISBN-10: 0-7020-2547-X
Imprint: SAUNDERS
049/435
Last update: 30 Nov 2009