Audience
Space Science; Neuroscience; Bioinformatics; Bioengineers; Robotics
Contents
CONTENTS
Contributors......................................................................... xi Foreword ...............................................................................
xv Preface ................................................................................... xvii
SECTION ONE
HYBRID
BIONIC SYSTEMS
EMGBased and GazeTrackingBased Man-Machine Interfaces
Federico Carpi and Danilo De Rossi
I. Introduction
........................................................................ 4
II. EMGBasedInterfaces.............................................................
5
III. GazeTrackingBasedInterfaces.................................................. 12
IV. FinalRemark .......................................................................
19 References .......................................................................... 19
Bidirectional Interfaces with
the Peripheral Nervous System
Silvestro Micera and Xavier Navarro
I. Introduction ........................................................................
24
II. OrganizationandFunctionofthePNS ........................................ 25
III. Nerve Electrodes:TypesandApplications.....................................
28
IV. Stimulationand RecordingNeuralSignals .................................... 31
V. BiomedicalApplications..........................................................
33 References .......................................................................... 35
Interfacing Insect Brain for
Space Applications
Giovanni Di Pino, Tobias Seidl, Antonella Benvenuto, Fabrizio Sergi, Domenico Campolo, Dino Accoto, Paolo
Maria Rossini, and Eugenio Guglielmelli
I. Introduction ........................................................................
40
II. Interfaces............................................................................ 41
III. SensoryandMotorMapping.....................................................
44
IV. ProposingaModelofHybrid Control Architecture ......................... 45
v
vi CONTENTS
V.
ConclusionsandOutlook......................................................... 46 References...........................................................................
47
SECTION TWO
MEET THE BRAIN
Meet the Brain: Neurophysiology
John Rothwell
I. Introduction......................................................................... 52
II. HowDoNeuronsTransmit Information?...................................... 53
III. Synapses ............................................................................. 55
IV. TheMotorAreasofthe CerebralCortex....................................... 57
V. PlasticityofPrimaryMotorCortex
.............................................. 63
VI. Conclusions .........................................................................
64 References........................................................................... 65
Fundamentals of Electroencefalography,
Magnetoencefalography, and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Claudio Babiloni, Vittorio Pizzella, Cosimo del Gratta, Antonio
Ferretti, and Gian Luca Romani
I. Introduction to Electroencephalography andMagnetoencephalography ...................................................
68
II. Physiological GenerationofEEG/MEGSignals............................... 69
III. EEG and MEG Techniques Allow
the Study of Brain Rhythms............. 73
IV. FunctionalMagneticResonanceImaging ...................................... 74
V. Physiological Generation of Blood Oxygen LevelDependent Signal ...... 75
VI. TypicalfMRIExperimentalDesigns.............................................
77
VII. BOLDfMRITechniquesin Clinical Environment ............................ 77 References...........................................................................
78
Implications of Brain Plasticity to Brain-Machine Interfaces Operation: A Potential Paradox?
Paolo Maria
Rossini
I. Introduction......................................................................... 82
II. BrainPlasticity
...................................................................... 83
III. BrainPlasticityandBMISystems ................................................
87
IV. MonitoringPlasticityDuringBMIControl ..................................... 88
V. Conclusions .........................................................................
89 References........................................................................... 89
CONTENTS
SECTION THREE
BRAIN MACHINE INTERFACES, A NEW BRAINTOENVIRONMENT COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
An Overview of BMIs
Francisco
Sepulveda
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 94
II. MainElementsinaBMI.......................................................... 96
III. BMITypes........................................................................... 99
IV. BMIsandtheUser'sAbility......................................................
102
V. Conclusion.......................................................................... 104 References ..........................................................................
104
Neurofeedback and Brain-Computer Interface: Clinical Applications
Niels Birbaumer, Ander Ramos Murguialday, Cornelia
Weber, and Pedro Montoya
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 108
II. FunctionalMagnetic ResonanceImaging: fMRIBMI ........................ 109
III. BMIinLockedinSyndrome.....................................................
110
IV. BMIinStrokeandSpinalCordInjury ......................................... 112
V. Conclusion..........................................................................
114 References .......................................................................... 115
Flexibility and Practicality:
Graz Brain-Computer Interface Approach
Reinhold Scherer, Gernot R. MullerPutz, and Gert Pfurtscheller
I. Introduction
........................................................................ 120
II. GrazBCI ............................................................................
120
III. Applications......................................................................... 122
IV. Discussion
........................................................................... 127 References ..........................................................................
129
On the Use of Brain-Computer Interfaces Outside Scientific Laboratories: Toward an Application in Domotic Environments
F. Babiloni, F. Cincotti, M. Marciani, S. Salinari, L. Astolfi,
F. Aloise, F. De Vico Fallani, and D. Mattia
I.
Introduction ........................................................................ 134
II. Methodology........................................................................
135
viii CONTENTS
III. Results................................................................................ 142
IV. Discussion ........................................................................... 144 References...........................................................................
146
Brain-Computer Interface Research at the Wadsworth Center: Developments in Noninvasive Communication and Control
Dean J. Krusienski and Jonathan R. Wolpaw
I. Introduction.........................................................................
147
II. SensorimotorRhythmBasedBCIControl...................................... 149
III. P300BasedBCIControl...........................................................
152
IV. CurrentandFutureDirections................................................... 154
V.
Conclusion .......................................................................... 155 References...........................................................................
155
WatchingBrain TV and Playing Brain Ball: ExploringNovel BCI Strategies Using RealTime Analysis of
Human Intracranial Data
Karim Jerbi, Samson Freyermuth, Lorella Minotti, Philippe Kahane, Alain Berthoz, and JeanPhilippe Lachaux
I. Introduction......................................................................... 160
II. MaterialsandMethods............................................................
161
III. Results................................................................................ 161
IV. Discussion
........................................................................... 166 References...........................................................................
167
SECTION FOUR
BRAINMACHINE INTERFACES AND SPACE
Adaptive Changes of Rhythmic EEG Oscillations in Space: Implications
for Brain-Machine Interface Applications
G. Cheron, A. M. Cebolla, M. Petieau, A. Bengoetxea,
E. PalmeroSoler, A.
Leroy, and B. Dan
I. Introduction......................................................................... 172
II.
SpontaneousEEG Fluctuations:Whereisthe Baseline? ..................... 172
III. Howto Manage AlphaandMu Oscillationsin Space........................
173
IV. From the Identification Process to the Exploitation ofBrainOscillationsinSpace....................................................
174
V. The Influence of TopDown Dynamics on BCI Approach ............... 176
VI.
Gamma EEG Oscillations: AWindow into Cognition, Perception, Attention, Binding,or MicrosaccadicEye Movements .......................
179
VII. The Gating of the SomatosensoryEvokedPotentials asaNewToolsforBCI............................................................
179 References........................................................................... 183
CONTENTS
Validation of
Brain-Machine Interfaces During Parabolic Flight
Jose del R. Millan, Pierre W. Ferrez, and Tobias Seidl
I. Introduction
........................................................................ 189
II. Methods.............................................................................
190
III. ExperimentalResults.............................................................. 193
IV. Discussion ........................................................................... 196 References .......................................................................... 197
Matching Brain-Machine
Interface Performance to Space Applications
Luca Citi, Oliver Tonet, and Martina Marinelli
I. Introduction ........................................................................
200
II. Methods: PerformanceMeasuresofHBSs ..................................... 201
III. Materials.............................................................................
202
IV. Results:Matching InterfacesandDevices...................................... 205
V. PossibleDemonstrators
........................................................... 208
VI. Conclusions.........................................................................
209 References .......................................................................... 210
Brain-Machine Interfaces
forSpace Applications-Research,Technological Development, and Opportunities
Leopold Summerer, Dario Izzo, and Luca Rossini
I. Introduction ........................................................................ 214
II. AnOutlookonBMIResearchTrends..........................................
215
III. Future Manned Space Programs-Planned or Envisioned.................. 217
IV. NextStepsTowardBMIsforSpaceApplications.............................
220
V. Conclusion.......................................................................... 221 References ..........................................................................
221
Index ...................................................................................... 225 Contents of Recent
Volumes................................................ 231
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