Description Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production, Second Edition is a comprehensive and current introduction to the upstream industry,
drawing together the many inter-disciplinary links within the industry. It presents all the major stages in the life of an oil or gas
field, from gaining access to opportunity, through exploration, appraisal, development planning, production, and finally to decommissioning.
It also explains the fiscal and commercial environment in which oil and gas field development takes place.
The book is written for industry
professionals who wish to be better informed about the basic technical and commercial methods, concepts and techniques used in the upstream
oil and gas business. The authors are the founders of TRACS International, a company which has provided training and consultancy in Exploration
and Production related issues for many clients world-wide since 1992.
Audience
Primary audience:
For professionals in the upstream oil industry wishing to attain an overview of the Hydrocarbon exploration and production proces.
Contents
Introduction.
About this book.
1. The field life cycle.
1.1 Gaining access phase.
1.2 Exploration phase. 1.3 Appraisal phase. 1.4 Development planning. 1.5 Production phase. 1.6 Decommissioning.
2. Petroleum agreements and bidding.
2.1 The invitation to bid. 2.2 Motivations and form of bid.
2.3 Block award. 2.4 Fiscal system. 2.5 Farm-in and farm-out. 2.6 Unitisation and equity determination.
3.
Exploration.
3.1 Hydrocarbon accumulations. 3.2 Exploration methods and techniques. 3.2.1 Introduction to geophysical
methods. 3.2.2 Seismic acquisition and processing. 3.2.3 Seismic interpretation.
4. Drilling engineering.
4.1
Well planning. 4.2 Rig types and rig selection. 4.3 Drilling systems and equipment. 4.4 Site preparation. 4.5 Drilling
techniques. 4.6 Casing and cementing. 4.7 Drilling problems. 4.8 Costs and contracts.
6.1 Reservoir
geology. 6.1.1 Depositional environment. 6.1.2 Reservoir structures. 6.1.3 Diagenesis. 6.2 Reservoir fluids.
6.2.1 Hydrocarbon chemistry. 6.2.2 Types of reservoir fluid. 6.2.3 The physical properties of hydrocarbon fluids. 6.2.4
Properties of hydrocarbon gases. 6.2.5 Properties of oils. 6.2.6 Fluid sampling and pvt analysis. 6.2.7 Properties of
formation water. 6.2.8 Pressure - depth relationships. 6.2.9 Capillary pressure and saturation-height relationships. 6.3
Data gathering. 6.3.1 Classification of methods. 6.3.2 Coring and core analysis. 6.3.3 Sidewall sampling. 6.3.4 Wireline
loggin. 6.3.5 Logging/measurement while drilling (lwd/mwd). 6.3.6 Pressure measurements and fluid sampling. 6.4 Data interpretation. 6.4.1
Well correlation. 6.4.2 Maps and sections. 6.4.3 Net to gross ratio (n/g). 6.4.4 Porosity. 6.4.5 Hydrocarbon saturation. 6.4.6 Permeability. 6.4.7 Quicklook evaluation. 6.4.8 Integration of core and logs.
7. Volumetric estimation.
7.1 Deterministic methods. 7.1.1 The area - depth method. 7.1.2 The area - thickness method. 7.2 Expressing
uncertainty. 7.2.1 The input to volumetric estimates. 7.2.2 Probability density functions and expectation curves. 7.2.3 Generating
expectation curves. 7.2.4 The monte carlo method. 7.2.5 The parametric method. 7.2.6 Three point estimates : a short cut
method.
8. Field appraisal.
8.1 The role of appraisal in the field life cycle. 8.2 Identifying and quantifying
sources of uncertainty. 8.3 Appraisal tools. 8.4 Expressing reduction of uncertainty. 8.5 Cost-benefit calculations for appraisal. 8.6 Practical aspects of appraisal.
9. Reservoir dynamic behaviour.
9.1 The driving force for production. 9.2 Reservoir drive mechanisms. 9.3 Gas reservoirs. 9.3.1 Major differences between oil and gas field development. 9.3.2
Gas sales profiles; influence of contracts. 9.3.3 Subsurface development of gas reservoirs. 9.3.4 Surface development for gas
fields. 9.3.5 Alternative uses for gas. 9.4 Fluid displacement in the reservoir. 9.5 Reservoir simulation. 9.6 Estimating
the recovery factor. 9.7 Estimating the production profile. 9.8 Enhanced oil recovery.
10. Well dynamic behaviour.
10.1 Estimating the number of development wells. 10.2 Fluid flow near the wellbore. 10.3 Horizontal wells. 10.4
Production testing and bottom hole pressure testing. 10.5 Tubing performance. 10.6 Well completions. 10.7 Completion technology
and intelligent wells. 10.8 Artificial lift. 10.9 Subsea vs. Platform trees.
11. Surface facilities.
11.1
Oil and gas processing. 11.1.1 Process design. 11.1.2 Oil processing. 11.1.3 Upstream gas processing. 11.1.4 Downstream
gas processing. 11.2 Facilities. 11.2.1 Production support systems. 11.2.2 Land based production facilities. 11.2.3 Offshore
production facilities. 11.2.4 Satellite wells, templates and manifolds. 11.2.5 Control systems.
12. Production operations
and maintenance.
12.1 Operating and maintenance objectives. 12.2 Production operations input to the fdp. 12.3 Maintenance
engineering input to the fdp.
13. Project and contract management.
13.1 Phasing and organisation. 13.2 Planning
and control. 13.3 Cost estimation and budgets. 13.4 Reasons for contracting. 13.5 Types of contract.
14. Petroleum
economics.
14.1 Basic principles of development economics. 14.2 Constructing a project cashflow. 14.3 Calculating
a discounted cashflow. 14.4 Economic indicators. 14.5 Per barrel costs. 14.6 Project screening and ranking. 14.7 Sensitivity
analysis. 14.8 Incorporating inflation. 14.9 Exploration economics.
15. Risk analysis.
15.1 Risk definition
and unit of measure. 15.2 Summary of risk analysis techniques in exploration and appraisal. 15.3 Risk analysis for major capital
investments in projects. 15.3.1 Brainstorming. 15.3.2 Project risk matrices and risk registers. 15.3.3 Sensitivity analysis. 15.3.4 Stakeholder analysis. 15.3.5 More complex problems – specific subsurface considerations. 15.3 Managing commercial
risk.
16. Managing the producing field.
16.1 Managing the subsurface. 16.2 Managing the surface facilities. 16.3 Managing the external factors. 16.4 Managing the internal factors.
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