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A Multidisciplinary, Multimodality Approach
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By
Marie Tartar, MD, Director, Body MRI, Scripps Green Hospital; Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
Chris Comstock, MD, Director of Breast Imaging, Associate Clinical Professor of Radiology, University of Calforina at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
Michael Kipper, MD, Director of PET/CT and Nuclear Services, Pacific Imaging and Treatment Center, Mission Viejo, CA; Associate Professor of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
Description
Through a case-based approach, this book illustrates the best practices for all facets of breast cancer imaging – from screening of asymptomatic
patients to cancer staging, identifying metastases, and assessing efficacy of treatment – in a succinct, practical source. Contributing
authors from a wide range of subspecialties provide well-rounded guidance to meet the needs of today's multidisciplinary work environment.
Audience
Practicing Radiologists and Radiology residents
Contents
Chapter 1: Screening for breast cancer in asymptomatic patients
by Chris Comstock, MD and Marie Tartar, MD
Case
1: Breast cancer presenting as a small new mass on mammography
Case 2: Breast cancer presenting as a new mass on mammography
Case
3: Breast cancer presenting as a new spiculated mass on mammography
Case 4: Breast cancer presenting as a small growing mass in the
axilla
Case 5: IDC presenting as a small growing mass
Case 6: Small growing breast cancer presenting as a contour change on mammography
Case 7: Breast cancer presenting as a largely obscured mass in dense breast tissue
Case 8: Slowing growing microlobulated colloid
carcinoma (benign looking
growing mass)
Case 9: Breast cancer presenting as a new posterior mass on mammography: importance of
inclusion of posterior breast tissue on mammography
Case 10: DCIS presenting as a microcalcification cluster
Case 11? DCIS presenting
as multiple microcalcification clusters along a ductal ray
Case 12: Breast cancer presenting as architectural distortion in extremely
dense breasts
Case 13: ILC presenting as growing amorphous density
Case 14: Small cancer in implant patient, well seen only on
implant displaced
views
Case 15: Importance of complete work-up of new mammographic masses
Case 16: MRI high risk screening
for occult breast cancer
Case 17: MRI high risk screening for occult breast cancer
Case 18: Breast cancer presenting as a growing
small mass on screening MRI
Case 19: CT identification of unknown breast cancer in an asymptomatic patient
Case 20: PET identification
of occult breast cancer in an asymptomatic patient
Chapter 2: Evaluation of the symptomatic patient: Diagnostic
breast imaging
Cases:
1. Palpable axillary IDC, presenting as a growing mammographic mass simulating a lymph node
2. Palpable lump presenting as malignant microcalcifications on mammography
3. Palpable IDC presenting as mammographic architectural
distortion and shadowing sonographic mass
4. Palpable ILC presenting as architectural distortion
5. Palpable lump presenting
with masses and pleomorphic microcalcifications
6. Palpable lump presenting as mammographic architectural distortion with microcalcifications
7. Palpable lump presenting as growing amorphous mammographic asymmetry
8. Palpable lump presenting as developing mammographic
density
9. Mammographically occult palpable breast cancer
10. Large, palpable, mammographically occult invasive carcinoma
11.
Breast cancer involving the nipple-areolar complex, not identified on conventional imaging, demonstrated by MRI
12. Mammographically
occult retroaerolar breast cancer presenting as nipple retraction
13. Importance of clear communication and accurate history; Inaccurate
history of biopsy ?scar? leads to near-miss of a spiculated cancer
14. Axillary nodal presentation of breast cancer, primary found
on MRI
15. Axillary nodal presentation of ILC, occult on conventional imaging, primary found by MRI
16. Axillary nodal presentation
with negative mammogram, primary found on PET
17. Axillary nodal presentation with initially negative mammogram, medial primary found
on CT
18. Male breast ca
19. Male breast ca
20. Male breast cancer and gynecomastia
21. Male breast cancer with microcalcifications
22. Male breast cancer with skin thickening and nipple enlargement
Chapter 3: Local staging: Imaging options
and core biopsy strategies
By Christopher Comstock, MD and Marie Tartar, MD
Cases: 1. Mammography: extent of
disease
2. Ultrasound: extent of disease
3. Use of US to find invasive disease within extensive microcalcifications, depiction
of disease extent by breast MRI vs. PEM vs. whole body PET
4. Multi-focal breast cancer, first identified on abdominal CT, radiologic
?corner shot?
5. MRI: extent of disease
6. MRI: extent of disease
7. MRI: extent of disease (Tip of the iceberg detected
on mammography)
8. MRI: extent of disease (Multi-focal disease, dense breasts)
9. Multi-centric IDC and DCIS: Local staging with
MRI
10. Additional disease site identified by PEM
11. Breast cancer presenting with axillary node involvement by mammography
and US
12. Subtle axillary nodal involvement
13. Breast MRI problem solving: Deciding among sites for additional sampling
14.
Breast MRI problem solving: Assessing depth of involvement of posterior breast cancer
15. Breast MRI problem solving: Chest wall
invasion
16. Breast MRI problem solving: positive margins post- lumpectomy, assessment for residual disease
17. Breast MRI problem
solving: MRI guidance for tailored lumpectomy
18. Breast MRI problem solving: assessment of completeness of breast cancer excision
19. Contralateral DCIS found by staging breast MRI
20. Contralateral breast carcinoma found on MRI, not seen on second-look ultrasound
21. Contralateral breast carcinoma found on MRI, not seen on second-look ultrasound
22. Evaluation of the other breast with MRI
23. Use of body coil STIR imaging for staging new dx of BC
24. MRI depiction of axillary and internal mammary node involvement
25. Cautionary notes on the use of breast MRI:
26. Cautionary notes on the use of breast MRI:
27. Whole body PET as an adjunct
to initial staging of node+ breast cancer: Benign PET pelvic uptake in a corpus luteum cyst
28. Whole body PET as an adjunct to initial
staging of node+ breast cancer: Rotter node involvement
29. Bracketing needle localization of microcalcifications
30. Medial
breast cancer with internal mammary drainage on lymphoscintigraphy
31. Biopsy quality control: Mammographic lesion, discordance with
pathology results
32. Biopsy quality control: Mammographic lesion, wrong US correlate biopsied, rationale for post US biopsy clip
placement and mammogram
33. Biopsy quality control: DCIS presenting as disappearing microcalcifications and subsequent development
of a mass
Chapter 4: Unusual and Problem Types of Breast Cancers: DCIS, Intracystic papillary carcinoma, Benign-looking
breast cancers, ILC, inflammatory breast cancer, and breast cancer in implant patients
By Christopher Comstock, MD and Marie Tartar,
MD
Cases:
1. DCIS, calcified and non-calcified
2. Extensive intraductal carcinoma presenting as a palpable, tumor-filled
ductal system
3. BRCA-1 patient, abnormal whole body PET leading to diagnosis of DCIS
4. Intracystic papillary carcinoma
5.
Intracystic papillary carcinoma
6. Colloid cancer, 2 cases
7. Medullary cancer, question of liver metastases on breast MRI; FDG
uptake on PET in a fibroid
8. Bilateral breast carcinomas on 18F-FDG positron emission tomography
9. ILC
10. ILC presenting
with orbital metastasis, bilateral shrinking breasts
11. ILC presenting as a mass, post-operative changes on CT and PET
12. ILC
presenting as architectural distortion
13. ILC presenting as a palpable, predominantly hyperechoic ultrasound mass
14. Echogenic
breast cancer
15. ILC treated with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy
16. Stage IV ILC, presentation with liver metastases
17. US
findings of inflammatory cancer
18. Inflammatory breast cancer in a lactating patient
19. Initial identification of breast cancer
during breast MRI for implant integrity
20. Multi-focal IDC in a patient with implants and dense breasts
21. Large, locally advanced
IDC in implant patient
Chapter 5: Locally Advanced Breast Cancer (LABC) and Neo-adjuvant Chemotherapy by Marie Tartar,
MD; Christopher Comstock, MD; and Michael Kipper, MD
Cases:
1. LABC (large tumor size)
2. LABC with axillary and
internal mammary involvement, staging with whole body PET and PEM
3. LABC with nipple skin involvement
4. Natural history of
untreated inflammatory breast cancer
5. LABC with secondary inflammation (secondary IBC)
6. PABC, treated during pregnancy with
neo-adjuvant chemotherapy with complete pathologic response
7. Post-partum LABC, with multiple axillary nodes involved, excellent
response to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy
8. IDC treated with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy with incomplete imaging response, but complete
pathologic response
9. LABC, responsive to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy; splenic activation with G-CSF therapy
10. Complete imaging
response to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy
11. IDC with cystic component, mixed response to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy
12. LABC, unresponsive
to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy
13. Rapidly progressive inflammatory breast cancer, unresponsive to chemotherapy
14. LABC, good
response by imaging to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, but significant residual pathologic disease; imaging-guided tailored lumpectomy
Chapter
6: Locally recurrent disease: Imaging surveillance
Cases:
1. Post-operative scar with hematoma on MRI
2. Changes
from recent bilateral mastectomy and tissue expander placement
3. Normal CT appearance of bilateral TRAM flap reconstruction and
post-TRAM flap abdominal complications
4. Recurrent DCIS presenting as new microcalcifications
5. Recurrent DCIS detected on
surveillance MRI
6. ADH/DCIS found on breast MR obtained to evaluate silicone implant integrity in BCT patient
7. New palpable
chest wall lump post mastectomy with implant reconstruction, excisional biopsy proven recurrent IDC
8. Axillary recurrence (new soft
tissue around axillary lymph node dissection clips), presentation with pain
9. Parasternal recurrence, draining to contralateral
axilla (role of lymphoscintigraphy)
10. Multicentric recurrent breast cancer with skin involvement
11. Physical examination change
and abnormal enhancement of a 4 yr old lumpectomy scar, pathology proven fat necrosis mimicking tumor bed recurrence
12. Enhancing
scar, suspicious for recurrence; contralateral axillary nodal presentation of new occult breast primary
13. Proven multi-centric
fat necrosis mimicking multi-centric recurrence
14. TRAM flap recurrence on mammography
15. Residual carcinoma in TRAM flap reconstructed
neo-breast
16. TRAM flap reconstruction with fat necrosis and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy, simulating recurrent disease
17.
Chest wall recurrence detected on surveillance MRI
18. Recurrent IDC and radiation-induced pleomorphic sarcoma, with chest wall invasion
Chapter
7: Breast cancer mimics
By Christopher Comstock, M.D. and Marie Tartar, M.D.
Case 1. Papilloma presenting with bloody
nipple discharge, ductogram and ultrasound
Case 2. Multiple papillomas
Case 3. Small phylloides tumor
Case 4. Large phylloides
tumor (ultrasound)
Case 5. Large phylloides tumor
Case 6. Multifocal breast abscesses
Case 7. Granulomatous mastitis
Case
8. Lymphocytic mastitis
Case 9. New fat necrosis mass mimicking recurrence
Case 10. Fibrosis mimicking recurrence in implant
reconstructed breast cancer patient
Case 11. Lactational asymmetry on PET
Chapter 8: Bone metastases
By
Michael Kipper, M.D. and Marie Tartar, M.D.
Cases:
1. Stage IV presentation of breast cancer with bone metastases
2. Stage IV presentation with bone metastases (breast cancer presenting with back pain)
3. Relapse with bone metastases
4.
Progression of bone metastases, epidural extension, radiation therapy effects
5. Recurrence with bone metastases: disease extent
discordant between imaging and bone scan, pathologic fractures
6. Diffuse bone metastases, underrepresented on bone scan.
7. Recurrence
with mediastinal lymphadenopathy, vocal cord paralysis and sclerotic bone metastases
8. Significance of solitary rib activity on
bone scan, chemotherapy-related marrow activation changes on PET
9. Significance of solitary rib activity on bone scan
10. Solitary
sclerotic rib metastasis (positive on bone scan, negative on PET)
11. Assessing activity of sclerotic bone metastases
12. Diffuse
bone metastases (superscan)
13. Radiation therapy effects on bone
14. Extensive bone metastases, F-18 bone scan
Chapter
9: Liver Metastases
By Marie Tartar, M.D.
Cases:
1. Work-up of indeterminate liver lesion with MRI (hemangioma)
2. Progression liver metastases on CT and PET
3. Pseudocirrhotic appearance of treated breast liver metastases, mislocalization
of right liver metastasis into right lung base on PET/CT
4. Progressive liver mets on CT & PET
5. Liver metastases arising in
fatty liver, better seen on CT than PET
6. Evolution of liver metastases with treatment to unusual cyst-like residual
Chapter
10: Thoracic metastases, mimics and treatment effects
By Marie Tartar, M.D. and Michael Kipper, M.D.
Cases:
1.
Solitary pulmonary nodule in the breast cancer patient: primary lung cancer vs. breast cancer metastasis.
2. Lung metastases, progression
to pleural metastases
3. Chest wall, pleural and thoracic nodal recurrence
4. Pleural recurrence-bone scan and CT findings
5.
Pleural and chest wall recurrence
6. CT and PET findings of talc pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusion
7. Infraclavicular
and mediastinal nodal recurrence presenting with brachial plexopathy symptoms
8. Brachial plexus involvement
9. Atlas case 12
(chest wall and lung recurrence)
10. Atlas case 16 (nodal recurrences to mediastinum and supraclavicular regions)
11. PET+ thoracic
nodal recurrence mimic due to silicone implant leak
12. Unusual pattern of chest wall recurrence (intercostal muscle infiltration)
13. Drug reaction (pulmonary toxicity) due to chemotherapy
14. Lymphangitic tumor
15. Lymphangitic tumor
Chapter
11: Breast cancer metastases to the neural axis
By Marie Tartar, M.D. and Steven S. Eilenberg, M.D.
Cases
1. Multilocular
thalamic cystic metastasis
2. Brain metastases mimicking multiple sclerosis
3. Brain metastases mimicking multiple sclerosis
4. Brain metastases identified on PET in asymptomatic metastatic breast cancer patient
5. Unusual ?miliary? pattern of brain
metastases
6. Dural based sphenoid wing metastasis with orbital extension
7. Plaque-like dural metastases
8. Skull metastases
with extra- and intracranial extension
9. Skull metastasis and chemotherapy-induced leukoencephalopathy
10. Recurrent brain metastasis,
radiation-induced leukoencephalopathy
11. Spinal leptomeningeal carcinomatosis
Chapter 12: Multi-system and unusual
systemic metastases: Imaging assessment of treatment response, By Michael Kipper, M.D. and Marie Tartar, M.D.
Cases:
1. Recurrent PET+ activity in LABC & bone mets with increased tumor markers
2. Gastrointestinal metastases from breast cancer
3. Peritoneal breast carcinomatosis
4. Bone, liver, pericardial and ovarian metastases
Chapter 13: Radiation
Therapy
By Eva Lean, Ray Lin, Marie Tartar
Case 1. Utility of Pre-Radiation Mammography
Case 2. Dramatic radiation
therapy changes of breast on mammography and MRI
Case 3: 2 Month Old Radiation Therapy Effects on Lung (CT and PET)
Case 4: Breast
Cancer Radiation Induced Lung Changes on CT and PET
Case 5: Typical apical change from supraclavicular radiation therapy on CT, MRI,
and PET
Case 6: Mass-like apical radiation fibrosis
Case 7: Early post-radiation changes on breast MRI
Case 8: Late post-radiation
changes on breast MRI
Case 9: Radiation-induced angiosarcoma
| Bibliographic details |
Hardbound, 632 pages, publication date: JUL-2008
ISBN-13: 978-0-323-04677-0
ISBN-10: 0-323-04677-0
Imprint: MOSBY
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999/999
Last update: 25 Nov 2009
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