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By Steve Heath, Motorola Semiconductors, Newton, U.K.
Description In this new edition the latest ARM processors and other hardware developments are fully covered along with new sections on Embedded Linux
and the new freeware operating system eCOS. The hot topic of embedded systems and the internet is also introduced. In addition a fascinating
new case study explores how embedded systems can be developed and experimented with using nothing more than a standard PC.
Audience
Embedded systems engineers / programmers, electronic engineers, control systems engineers, students of electronic and software engineering.
Contents Preface. Acknowledgements.
WHAT IS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM?: What is an embedded system; Inside the embedded system.
EMBEDDED PROCESSORS: 8
bit accumulator processors; Example 8 bit architectures; Microcontrollers; Data processors; INTEL 80286; INTEL 80386DX; INTEL 80486;
Intel 486SX and overdrive processors; Intel Pentium; Motorola MC68000; The MC68000 hardware; Motorola MC68020; Motorola MC68030; The
MC68040; Integrated processors; RISC processors; The Berkeley RISC model; Sun SPARC RISC processor; The Stanford RISC model; The MPC603
block diagram; Digital signal processors; DSP basic architecture.
MEMORY SYSTEMS: Memory technologies; SRAM; EPROM and OTP; Memory organisation;
Parity; Error detecting and correcting memory; Access times; Packages; DRAM interfaces; DRAM refresh techniques; Optimising line length
and cache size; Logical versus physical caches; Unified versus Harvard caches; Cache coherency; Case 1: write through; Case 2: write
back; Case 3: no caching of write cycles; Case 4: write buffer; Bus snooping; The MESI protocol; The MEI protocol; Big and little endian;
Dual port and shared memory; Bank switching; Memory overlays; Shadowing; Example interfaces.
BASIC PERIPHERALS:
Parallel ports; Timer/counters;
8253 timer modes; MC68230 modes; Timer processors; Real-time clocks; Serial ports; Serial peripheral interface; I2C bus; M-Bus (Motorola);
What is an RS232 serial port?; Asynchronous flow control; UART implementations; DMA controllers; A generic DMA controller; DMA controller
models; Channels and control blocks; Sharing bus bandwidth; DMA implementations.
INTERFACING TO THE ANALOGUE WORLD: Analogue to digital
conversion techniques; Sample rates and size; Codecs; Power control.
INTERRUPTS AND EXCEPTIONS: What is an interrupt?; Interrupt sources;
Recognising an interrupt; The interrupt mechanism; MC6800 interrupts; RISC exceptions; Fast interrupts; Interrupt controllers; Instruction
restart and continuation; Interrupt latency; Do's and Don'ts.
REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS: What are operating systems?; Operating system
internals; Multitasking operating systems; Scheduler algorithms; Priority inversion; Tasks, threads and processes; Exceptions; Memory
model; Memory management address translation; Commercial operating systems; Resource protection; Resource protection; Linux; Disk Partitioning.
WRITING SOFTWARE FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS: The compilation process; Native vs. cross-compilers; Run-time libraries; Writing a library; Using
alternative libraries; Using a standard library; Porting kernels; C extensions for embedded systems; Downloading.
EMULATION AND DEBUGGING
TECHNIQUES: Debugging techniques; The role of the development system; Emulation techniques.
BUFFERING AND OTHER DATA STRUCTURES: What
is a buffer?; Linear buffers; Directional buffers; Double buffering; Buffer exchange; Linked lists; FIFOs; Circular buffers; Buffer underrun
and overrun; Allocating buffer memory; Memory leakage.
MEMORY AND PERFORMANCE TRADE-OFFS: The effect of memory wait states; Scenario
1 - Single cycle processor with large external memory; Scenario 2 - Reducing the cost of memory access; Making the right decisions.
SOFTWARE
EXAMPLES: Benchmark example; Creating software state machines.
DESIGN EXAMPLES: Burglar alarm systems; Digital echo unit.
REAL-TIME WITHOUT
A RTOS: Choosing the software environment; Deriving real time performance from a non-real time system; Scheduling the data sampling;
Sampling the data; Controlling from an external switch; Problems; Program listing.
Index.
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