Introduction

Types of contribution

She Ji publishes seven types of articles:
  1. Original research articles. She Ji welcomes conceptual, theoretical, and empirical articles. All research articles are subject to double-blind peer review.
  2. Review articles. She Ji encourages literature review and research review articles. Review articles use double-blind peer review.
  3. Project articles She Ji welcomes reports on innovative projects involving careful design reasoning and in-depth reflection. We see these as the practitioner's viewpoint by artifact. Project articles are reviewed by expert practitioners.
  4. Viewpoint articles. Viewpoint articles involve informed opinion and comments by distinguished experts. While viewpoint articles present expert opinion, these articles use double-blind peer review to check facts and to ensure rigorous argumentation followed by copy editing.
  5. Book reviews. Books reviews focus on analysis and discussion of individual books as well as extended book reviews covering several books. She Ji also publishes short book notes. Book reviews are not subject to peer review.
  6. Discussion articles. Discussion articles include interviews, opinion leader commentary, and dialogues. Discussion articles are not subject to peer review.
  7. Letters. She Ji encourages written responses to articles and original comments on issues relevant to the journal. Letters to the editor are limited to 1,500 words. All letters commenting on articles will be sent to the author of the original article for response. Selected letters will be published in She Ji. Letters are not subject to peer review.

Please ensure that you select the appropriate article type from the list of options when making your submission. Authors contributing to special issues should ensure that they select the special issue article type from this list.

Before you begin

Ethics in publishing

Please see our information on Ethics in publishing.

Declaration of interest

Corresponding authors, on behalf of all the authors of a submission, must disclose any financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence (bias) their work. Examples of potential conflicts of interest include employment, consultancies, stock ownership, honoraria, paid expert testimony, patent applications, patent registrations, and grants or other funding. All authors, including those without competing interests to declare, should provide the relevant information to the corresponding author (where relevant, they should specify that they have nothing to declare). This information forms part of the journal's official records. More information.

Corresponding authors should then use the Declaration Template (available below in the "Paper template and related documents" section) to create a shared statement and upload to the submission system at the Attach Files step. Author signatures are not required.

Declaration of generative AI in scientific writing

The below guidance only refers to the writing process, and not to the use of AI tools to analyse and draw insights from data as part of the research process.

Where authors use generative artificial intelligence (AI) and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process, authors should only use these technologies to improve readability and language. Applying the technology should be done with human oversight and control, and authors should carefully review and edit the result, as AI can generate authoritative-sounding output that can be incorrect, incomplete or biased. AI and AI-assisted technologies should not be listed as an author or co-author, or be cited as an author. Authorship implies responsibilities and tasks that can only be attributed to and performed by humans, as outlined in Elsevier’s AI policy for authors.

Authors should disclose in their manuscript the use of AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process by following the instructions below. A statement will appear in the published work. Please note that authors are ultimately responsible and accountable for the contents of the work.

Disclosure instructions
Authors must disclose the use of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process by adding a statement at the end of their manuscript in the core manuscript file, before the References list. The statement should be placed in a new section entitled ‘Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process’.

Statement: During the preparation of this work the author(s) used [NAME TOOL / SERVICE] in order to [REASON]. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.

This declaration does not apply to the use of basic tools for checking grammar, spelling, references etc. If there is nothing to disclose, there is no need to add a statement.

Submission declaration and verification

Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been previously published (except in the form of an abstract, a published lecture, or academic thesis, see "Multiple, redundant or concurrent publication" for more information), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly approved by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out. To verify these facts, your article may be checked by Crossref Similarity Check and other originality or duplicate checking software.

Use of inclusive language

Inclusive language acknowledges diversity, conveys respect to all people, is sensitive to differences, and promotes equal opportunities. Content should make no assumptions about the beliefs or commitments of any reader. The article should contain nothing which might imply that one individual is superior to another on the grounds of age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability or health condition. The article should use inclusive language throughout. Authors should ensure that writing is free from bias, stereotypes, slang, reference to dominant culture or cultural assumptions. We advise authors to use gender neutral terms by using plural nouns ("clinicians, patients, or clients") as standard vocabulary. Wherever possible, authors should avoid using "he, she," or "he or she." We recommend avoiding the use of descriptors that refer to personal attributes such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability or health condition unless they are relevant and valid. When coding terminology is used, we recommend to avoid offensive or exclusionary terms such as "master," "slave," "blacklist" and "whitelist." We suggest using alternatives that are appropriate and self-explanatory such as "primary," "secondary," "blocklist," and "allowlist." These guidelines are meant as a point of reference to help identify appropriate language. They are not exhaustive or definitive.

Reporting sex- and gender-based analyses

Reporting guidance
For research involving or pertaining to humans, animals, or eukaryotic cells, investigators should integrate sex and gender-based analyses (SGBA) into their research design according to funder/sponsor requirements and best practices within a field. Authors should address the sex and/or gender dimensions of their research in their article. In cases where they cannot, they should discuss this as a limitation to their research's generalizability. Importantly, authors should explicitly state what definitions of sex and/or gender they are applying to enhance the precision, rigor, and reproducibility of their research and to avoid ambiguity or conflation of terms and the constructs to which they refer (see Definitions section below). Authors can refer to the Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) guidelines and the SAGER guidelines checklist. These offer systematic approaches to the use and editorial review of sex and gender information in study design, data analysis, outcome reporting and research interpretation-however, please note there is no single, universally agreed-upon set of guidelines for defining sex and gender.

Definitions
Sex generally refers to a set of biological attributes that are associated with physical and physiological features (e.g., chromosomal genotype, hormonal levels, or internal and external anatomy). A binary sex categorization (male/female) is usually designated at birth ("sex assigned at birth"), most often based solely on the visible external anatomy of a newborn. Gender generally refers to socially constructed roles, behaviors, and identities of women, men, and gender-diverse people that occur in a historical and cultural context and may vary across societies and over time. Gender influences how people view themselves and each other, how they behave and interact and how power is distributed in society. Sex and gender are often incorrectly portrayed as binary (female/male or woman/man) and unchanging whereas these constructs actually exist along a spectrum and include additional sex categorizations and gender identities such as people who are intersex or have differences of sex development (DSD) or identify as non-binary. Moreover, the terms "sex" and "gender" can be ambiguous-thus it is important for authors to define the manner in which they are used. In addition to this definition guidance and the SAGER guidelines, the resources on this page offer further insight around sex and gender in research studies.

Author contributions

For transparency, we require corresponding authors to provide co-author contributions to the manuscript using the relevant CRediT roles. The CRediT taxonomy includes 14 different roles describing each contributor’s specific contribution to the scholarly output. The roles are: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Software; Supervision; Validation; Visualization; Roles/Writing - original draft; and Writing - review & editing. Note that not all roles may apply to every manuscript, and authors may have contributed through multiple roles. More details and an example.

Changes to authorship

Authors are expected to consider carefully the list and order of authors before submitting their manuscript and provide the definitive list of authors at the time of the original submission. Any addition, deletion, or rearrangement of author names in the authorship list should be made only before the manuscript has been accepted and only if approved by the journal Editor. To request such a change, the Editor must receive the following information from the corresponding author: (a) the reason for the change in author list and (b) written confirmation (e-mail, letter) from all authors that they agree with the addition, removal or rearrangement. In the case of addition or removal of authors, this includes confirmation from the author being added or removed.

Only in exceptional circumstances will the Editor consider the addition, deletion, or rearrangement of authors after the manuscript has been accepted. While the Editor considers the request, publication of the manuscript will be suspended. If the manuscript has already been published in an online issue, any requests approved by the Editor will result in a corrigendum.

Copyright

She Ji is a gold open access journal. Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete a "Journal Publishing Agreement" (see more information on this). An e-mail will be sent to the corresponding author confirming receipt of the "Journal Publishing Agreement" form or a link to the online version of this agreement.

In addition to the Journal Publishing Agreement, authors will be asked to complete a "License Agreement" (more information). Permitted third party reuse of gold open access articles is determined by the user license (see the following section).

If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, authors must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article. Authors will be required to obtain and provide permissions to reprint any images, etc., for which they do not hold rights, and authors should ensure that the permissions will be obtainable if and when publication occurs.

Role of the funding source

Authors should identify any source of financial support for conducting the research or preparing the article. Authors should also describe the role of sponsors, if any, in study design; in collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in writing the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. If funding sources had no such involvement, this should be stated. Please see https://www.elsevier.com/funding.

Open access

Please visit our Open Access page for more information.

Every article appearing in the She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation is published as open access. This means that the article is universally and freely accessible via the Internet in perpetuity, in an easily readable format immediately after publication.

A CC user license manages the reuse of the article (see https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/open-access-licenses). All She Ji articles are published under the CC BY-NC-ND license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). This permits non-commercial use, it lets others distribute and copy the article, and it permits inclusion in collective works (such as anthologies), as long as authors receive credit as authors and provided that the article is not altered or modified.

Rights Reserved by Author: As the author, you retain and reserve for yourself a non-exclusive license: 1) to distribute the article for use in your own teaching and research; 2) to publish the article, or permit it to be published, as a part of any book you may write, or in any anthology of which you are an editor, in which the article is included or which expands or elaborates on the article; and 3) to self-archive the article, under the guidelines found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/sharing.

Submission

Submission to this journal takes place entirely online. Use the following guidelines to prepare your article. Via the homepage of this journal (https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/she-ji-the-journal-of-design-economics-and-innovation) you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of the various files. The system automatically converts source files to a single Adobe Acrobat PDF version of the article, which is used in the peer-review process. Please note that even though manuscript source files are converted to PDF at submission for the review process, these source files are needed for further processing after acceptance. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revision, takes place by e-mail and via the author's homepage. There is no need for a hard-copy paper trail. Authors who have any questions about submission can contact the editorial office by e-mail before submission: [email protected].

A Submission should include the following components, each as a separate file uploaded in the online editorial system:

  • a manuscript (Microsoft Word ONLY) containing 5,000-8,000 words (excluding footnotes, references, tables, and appendixes) and images and tables embedded within text and appropriately placed;
  • a title page including each author's current affiliation, email address, and the acknowledgment section (if there is one);
  • a summary of highlights including 3 to 5 bullet points (maximum 85 characters, including spaces, per bullet point) that convey the core findings of the article;
  • an author biography page including every author's brief biographical statement, each running 50-100 words. Biographies are published on the Contributors Page for authors of accepted submissions;
  • a declaration of interest statement;
  • high-resolution images uploaded as separate files through the submission system in addition to the manuscript. If source files for figures, tables, and text graphics are not submitted through the editorial system, the journal Editor will require these files via email after the article is accepted.

Paper template and related documents

Please see the Contributors Page for examples of author biographies.

Submit your article
Please submit your article via https://www.editorialmanager.com/sheji/default.aspx.

Additional Information

Elsevier Researcher Academy
Researcher Academy is a free e-learning platform designed to support early and mid-career researchers throughout their research journey. The "Learn" environment at Researcher Academy offers several interactive modules, webinars, downloadable guides and resources to guide you through the process of writing for research and going through peer review. Feel free to use these free resources to improve your submission and navigate the publication process with ease.

Preparation

Queries

For questions about the editorial process (including the status of manuscripts under review) or for technical support on submissions, please visit our Support Center.

Peer review

This journal operates a double anonymized review process. All contributions will be initially assessed by the editor for suitability for the journal. Papers deemed suitable are then typically sent to a minimum of two independent expert reviewers to assess the scientific quality of the paper. The Editor is responsible for the final decision regarding acceptance or rejection of articles. The Editor's decision is final. Editors are not involved in decisions about papers which they have written themselves or have been written by family members or colleagues or which relate to products or services in which the editor has an interest. Any such submission is subject to all of the journal's usual procedures, with peer review handled independently of the relevant editor and their research groups. More information on types of peer review.

Double-blind review

This journal uses double-blind review, which means the identities of the authors are concealed from the reviewers, and vice versa. More information is available on our website.

To facilitate the journal's double-blind peer review process, authors should remove any information from a manuscript that identifies them as authors. This includes credit captions in figures and tables. Author names should NOT be removed from quotations, citations, or reference lists. Rather than treating these items as something written by the author, authors should use these and refer to them in the same way that they use or refer to material by any writer who is not involved in the article. Quotations, citations, and references support the article and lead from the premises to the conclusion. Authors often rely on their earlier work to develop an article. Reviewers must be able to examine any cited source in the course of preparing a review. Reviewers can read those documents without knowing which items were written by the authors of the article under review.

In your online submission, please include the following separately:

Title page (with author details): This should include the title, authors' names, affiliations, and acknowledgments, and a complete address for the corresponding author including an e-mail address.

Manuscript (without revealing the author's identity): The main body of the paper (including figure captions and table captions) should not include any identifying information.

The author's name should be removed from the document properties. In Microsoft Word, this is found under the File menu.

Use of word processing software

Text should appear in single-column format. Authors should keep text format and layout as simple as possible. Formatting codes will be removed and replaced when processing the article. In particular, do NOT use the word processor options to justify text or hyphenate words. To avoid errors, we strongly advise authors to use the "spell-check" and "grammar-check" functions of the word processor. The electronic text should be prepared based on the Paper Template (see also the Guide to Publishing with Elsevier: https://www.elsevier.com/guidepublication).

Language and language services

Authors should write in good, standard English. Authors may use either American English (preferred) or British English, but not a mixture of these. Authors who feel their English language manuscript may require editing to eliminate possible grammatical or spelling errors and to conform to correct scientific English may wish to use the English Language Editing service available from Elsevier's Author Services.

Essential title page information

  • Title. Make the title concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae.
  • Author names and affiliations. Where an author's family name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly. Present the authors' affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name, and, if available, the e-mail address of each author.
  • Corresponding author. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, and in post-publication correspondence. Ensure that you provide e-mail address and full postal address. The corresponding author must keep contact details up to date.
  • Present/permanent address. If an author has moved since the work described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a "Present address" (or "Permanent address") may be clearly indicated immediately below the main, affiliation address at which the author actually did the work.
  • Acknowledgments, if any.

Please download and use the Title Page Template to prepare your title page.

Highlights

Highlights are mandatory for this journal. They consist of a short collection of bullet points that convey the core findings of the article.

Highlights should be submitted in a separate editable file in the online submission system. Please use "Highlights" in the file name and include 3 to 5 bullet points (maximum 85 characters, including spaces, per bullet point). See https://www.elsevier.com/highlights for examples.

Abstract

She Ji requires a concise and factual abstract with a maximum of 200 words. The abstract should briefly state the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. Abstracts are often presented separately from articles, so they must be able to stand alone. For this reason, avoid references in abstracts. If a reference is essential, cite author(s) and year(s). Avoid non-standard or uncommon abbreviations. If essential, abbreviations and acronyms must be defined at first appearance in the abstract itself.

Keywords

We request authors to provide up to six keywords associated with the paper.

Acknowledgements

Authors should collate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the title page. Acknowledgments should list individuals who provide help in research such as suggestions on methods and methodology, calculations and statistics, resources and tools. Acknowledgments should also list those who provide help in writing the article, such as language help, writing assistance, or proof reading. It is also appropriate to acknowledge those who provide broader help by reading the article to offer suggestions.
After the article is accepted, acknowledgments will be included in the manuscript and placed before the references.

Artwork

Electronic artwork
General points
  • Use uniform lettering and sizing in original artwork.
  • Embed the used fonts if the application provides that option.
  • Save text in illustrations as "graphics" or enclose the font.
  • Try to use the following fonts in illustrations: Helvetica, Arial, Courier, Times New Roman, Symbol, or use fonts that look similar.
  • Number illustrations according to their sequence in the text.
  • Use a logical naming convention for artwork files.
  • Provide captions for illustrations in a separate document.
  • Produce images close to the size desired in the printed version.
  • Submit each figure as a separate file.

A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available on the Elsevier website: https://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions

Authors are urged to visit this site as some excerpts from detailed information are given here.

Formats
Regardless of the application used, when authors finalize digital artwork, they should "save as" or convert the images to one of the following formats (note the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below):
EPS (or PDF): Vector drawings. Embed the font or save the text as "graphics".
TIFF (or JPEG): color or grayscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.
TIFF (or JPEG): Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi.
TIFF (or JPEG): Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (color or grayscale): a minimum of 500 dpi is required.
If digital artwork is created in a Microsoft Office application (Word, PowerPoint, Excel), authors should supply "as is" in the native document format.

Please do NOT:

  • Supply files optimized for screen use (like GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); these typically have a low number of pixels and limited set of colors;
  • Supply files that are too low in resolution;
  • Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.

Color artwork
Authors should ensure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF, JPEG, EPS, PDF, or MS Office files) with the correct resolution. If authors submit usable color figures together with an accepted article, then Elsevier will ensure that these figures will appear in color on the Web (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) at no additional charge.

Figure captions
Authors should ensure that each illustration has a caption. Authors must supply captions separately, not attached to the figure. A caption should comprise a brief title (not on the figure itself) and a description of the illustration including a rights-holder credit line, as demonstrated in Figures 1–3 in Paper Template. Keep text to a minimum in the illustrations themselves but explain all symbols and abbreviations used. All figures must be cited in the text.

Tables

Authors should submit tables as editable text and not as images. All tables should be cited in the text. Place tables within the text at the appropriate points, rather than at the end. Tables must be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals. Place any table notes below the table body and indicate table notes with superscript lowercase letters (also see Paper Template). Avoid vertical rules. Be sparing in the use of tables. Ensure that the data presented in tables do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.

References

This Journal uses both footnotes and reference list following the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition.

Authors should follow the detailed instructions and examples in Paper Template.

Notes should be numbered consecutively and placed at the bottom of the page where the in-text citation is located. The manuscript should conform to the Chicago Manual of Style note style. Quotations from foreign language sources should be translated into English in the text. If necessary, original-language quotes may appear in footnotes.

Use a reference list at the end of the article, ordered alphabetically by last name of the first author. Use the Chicago Manual of Style reference format.

Careful referencing
She Ji requests precise, fine-grained references that permit the reader to locate quoted material at the exact location in the source document. Authors should treat direct quotations, indirect quotations, and paraphrases the same way, providing precise page numbers or page ranges in references for all quotations and cited sources. This practice helps the reader while building and supporting the knowledge of the field.

Please refer to the "Twelve Principles of Reference and Citation" for detailed referencing guidelines. Use this short guide to understand the reasoning and principles behind notes and references in She Ji.

Citation in text
The reference list should include only works cited in the text that have been published or accepted for publication. References cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results, unpublished reports, and personal communications should not appear in the reference list, but may be cited in the text in footnotes. The designation "in press" in the reference list means that the item listed has been accepted for publication.

Web references
For web references, authors must provide a full URL and the date when the reference was last accessed. Any other available information should be provided if it is visible on the web site. This includes author, dates, publishers, references to source publication, or DOI.

Data references
This journal encourages you to cite underlying or relevant datasets in your manuscript by citing them in your text and including a data reference in your Reference List. Data references should include the following elements: author name(s), dataset title, data repository, version (where available), year, and global persistent identifier. Add [dataset] immediately before the reference so we can properly identify it as a data reference. The [dataset] identifier will not appear in your published article.

Preprint references
Where a preprint has subsequently become available as a peer-reviewed publication, the formal publication should be used as the reference. If there are preprints that are central to your work or that cover crucial developments in the topic, but are not yet formally published, these may be referenced. Preprints should be clearly marked as such, for example by including the word preprint, or the name of the preprint server, as part of the reference. (The preprint DOI should also be provided.)

Reference management software
This journal has standard templates available in key reference management packages EndNote (http://www.endnote.com/support/enstyles.asp) and Reference Manager (http://refman.com/support/rmstyles.asp). Using plug-ins to word processing packages, authors only need to select the appropriate journal template when preparing their article and the list of references and citations to these will be formatted according to the journal style which is described below.

Reference style
The following examples illustrate citations using the notes-and-references system. For each citation, we provide both the footnote format (Fn) and the reference format (Ref). Please note the difference between the two. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 14 of The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition.

  • Book: Authored book
    Fn:
    1. Herbert A. Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial, 3rd ed. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), 99-100.
    2. William McDonough and Michael Braungart, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things (New York: North Point Press, 2002), 24.

    Ref:
    Simon, Herbert A. The Sciences of the Artificial, 3rd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.

    McDonough, William, and Michael Braungart. Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. New York: North Point Press, 2002.

  • Book: Edited book
    Fn:
    1. Richard Buchanan and Victor Margolin, eds., Discovering Design: Explorations in Design Studies (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1995), 23.

    Ref:
    Buchanan, Richard, and Victor Margolin, eds., Discovering Design: Explorations in Design Studies. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1995.

  • Book: Translated edition
    Fn:
    1. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Colin Smith (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962), 42.

    Ref:
    Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. Phenomenology of Perception. Translated by Colin Smith. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962.

  • Chapter or article in an edited book
    Fn:
    1. Gernot Grabher and Jonas Konig, "Performing Network Theory" Reflexive Relationship Management on Social Network Sites," in Networked Governance, ed. Betina Hollstein, Wenzel Matiaske, and Kai-Uwe Schnapp (Cham: Springer, 2017), 121-40.

    Ref:
    Grabher, Gernot, and Jonas Konig. "Performing Network Theory" Reflexive Relationship Management on Social Network Sites." In Networked Governance, edited by Betina Hollstein, Wenzel Matiaske, and Kai-Uwe Schnapp, 121-40. Cham: Springer, 2017.

    A paper included in the published conference proceedings can be treated like a chapter in a book.

  • Journal article: One to three authors
    Fn:
    1. Richard Buchanan, "Wicked Problems in Design Thinking," Design Issues 8, no. 2 (1992): 5, https://doi.org/10.2307/1511637.
    2. Fabrizio Ceschin and Idil Gaziulusoy, "Evolution of Design for Sustainability: From Product Design to Design for System Innovations and Transitions," Design Studies 47 (November 2016): 118-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2016.09.002.
    3. Yoonyee Pahk, James Andrew Self, and Joon Sang Baek, "Covalent, a Method for Co-designing Value Exchange in Community-Centred Design," CoDesign 14, no. 4 (2018): 275-92, https://doi.org/10.1080/15710882.2017.1325908.

    Ref:
    Buchanan, Richard. "Wicked Problems in Design Thinking." Design Issues 8, no. 2 (1992): 5-21. https://doi.org/10.2307/1511637.

    Ceschin, Fabrizio, and Idil Gaziulusoy. "Evolution of Design for Sustainability: From Product Design to Design for System Innovations and Transitions." Design Studies 47 (November 2016): 118-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2016.09.002.

    Pahk, Yoonyee, James Andrew Self, and Joon Sang Baek. "Covalent, a Method for Co-designing Value Exchange in Community-Centred Design." CoDesign 14, no. 4 (2018): 275-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/15710882.2017.1325908.



  • Journal article: Four or more authors
    Fn:
    1. Chunlei Chai et al., "Behavioral Analysis of Analogical Reasoning in Design: Difference among Designers with Different Expertise Levels," Design Studies 37, no.1 (2015): 30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2014.07.001.

    Ref:
    Chai, Chunlei, Fei Cen, Weiyu Ruan, Cheng Yang, and Hongting Li. "Behavioral Analysis of Analogical Reasoning in Design: Difference among Designers with Different Expertise Levels." Design Studies 37, no.1 (2015): 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2014.07.001.

  • Non-English journal article
    Fn:
    1. Guanzhong Liu and Lingtao Tang, “创新的悖论——‘制造型工业经济’的文化现象 [Paradox of Innovation—The Cultural Phenomenon of ‘Industrial Economy of Manufacturing Type’],” 装饰 , no. 12 (2007): 12.

    Ref:
    Liu, Guanzhong, and Lingtao Tang. “创新的悖论——‘制造型工业经济’的文化现象 [Paradox of Innovation—The Cultural Phenomenon of ‘Manufacturing Type of Industrial Economy’].” 装饰 , no. 12 (2007): 12-15.

  • Thesis or dissertation (published or unpublished)
    Fn:
    1. Kees Dorst, Describing Design: A Comparison of Paradigms (Delft, the Netherlands: Delft University of Technology, 1997), 123.
    2. Mariana V. Amatullo, "Design Attitude and Social Innovation: Empirical Studies of the Return on Design" (PhD dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 2015), https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/10?p10_etd_subid=102719&clear=10.

    Ref:
    Dorst, Kees. Describing Design: A Comparison of Paradigms. Delft, the Netherlands: Delft University of Technology, 1997.

    Amatullo, Mariana V. "Design Attitude and Social Innovation: Empirical Studies of the Return on Design." PhD dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 2015. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/10?p10_etd_subid=102719&clear=10.

  • Unpublished materials or informal communications
    Fn:
    1. Patricia Burns, e-mail message to author, December 15, 2008.
    2. Cory Cotter, "The Weakest Link: The Argument for On-Wrist Band Welding" (unpublished manuscript, last modified December 3, 2008), Microsoft Word file.

    Only use note. Do not include in the reference list.

  • Web page with unknown author or unknown publication date
    Fn:
    1. "Style Guide," Wikipedia, last modified February 23, 2023, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_guide.
    2. Thomas Thwaites, "A Holiday from Being Human (GoatMan)," Thomasthwaites.com (personal website), accessed July 14, 2021, http://www.thomasthwaites.com/a-holiday-from-being-human-goatman/.

    Ref:
    "Style Guide." Wikipedia, last modified February 23, 2023. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_guide.

    Thwaites, Thomas. "A Holiday from Being Human (GoatMan)." Thomasthwaites.com (personal website). Accessed July 14, 2021. http://www.thomasthwaites.com/a-holiday-from-being-human-goatman/.

  • Web page with known author and date
    Fn:
    1. Don Norman, "Why Design Education Must Change," Core77, last modified November 26, 2010, https://www.core77.com/posts/17993/why-design-education-must-change-17993.

    Ref:
    Norman, Don. "Why Design Education Must Change." Core77. Last modified November 26, 2010, https://www.core77.com/posts/17993/why-design-education-must-change-17993.



  • Online multimedia
    Fn:
    1. "Hans Rosling's 200 Countries, 200 Years," YouTube video, 4:42, from The Joy of Stats: Documentary Film by BBC Four on December 7, 2010, posted by BBC, November 26, 2010, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojo.

    Ref:
    "Hans Rosling's 200 Countries, 200 Years." YouTube video, 4:42, from The Joy of Stats: Documentary Film by BBC Four on December 7, 2010. Posted by BBC, November 26, 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojo.

  • Film, Television, and other recorded mediums
    Fn:
    1. Objectified, directed by Gary Hustwit (2009; Brooklyn, NY: Plexifilm, 2010), DVD.

    Ref:
    Objectified. Directed by Gary Hustwit. 2009. Brooklyn, NY: Plexifilm, 2010. DVD.

  • Report
    Fn:
    1. World Commission on Environment and Development, Report of World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to Document A/42/427- Development and International Co-operation: Environment (United Nations, 1987), accessed March 3, 2023, http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm.
    2. City of Chicago, "A Recipe for Healthy Places" (report, published by the City of Chicago Department of Housing and Economic Development, 2013), accessed March 3, 2023, https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/dcd/supp_info/a_recipe_for_healthyplaces.html.

    R:
    World Commission on Environment and Development. Report of World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to Document A/42/427- Development and International Co-operation: Environment. United Nations, 1987. Accessed March 3, 2023, http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm.

    City of Chicago. "A Recipe for Healthy Places." Report, published by City of Chicago Department of Housing and Economic Development, 2013. Accessed March 3, 2023, https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/dcd/supp_info/a_recipe_for_healthyplaces.html.

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