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Introduction



As the benchmark sub-disciplinary quarterly, the Journal of Historical Geography publishes articles on all aspects of historical geography and cognate fields in the social sciences, arts, and humanities. As well as hosting original research papers and special issues of interest to a wide international and interdisciplinary readership, the journal encourages agenda-setting interventions into methodological and conceptual debates and new challenges facing researchers in the field. Each issue includes a substantial review section (of books, exhibitions, databases, and others), and there is a regular feature on 'Historical Geography at Large' devoted to engaged research, and its impact, beyond the academy. The journal is especially keen to expand its scholarship into those regions and academic communities beyond anglophone Europe and North America which have traditionally been underrepresented in the journal. We offer extra editorial support to students, early career researchers, underrepresented researchers, and those for whom English is not their first language.

Questions commonly addressed in the journal include:
• How to describe, represent, and reconstruct past geographies (spaces, places, landscapes, environments, mobilities and networks)?
• How is the presentness of the past produced through landscapes, texts, memories and archives?
• How can we recognise diverse spatial and temporal imaginaries (for instance, ancestral, spiritual, religious, or environmental)?
• What has been the reach and influence of different models and institutional hubs of historical geography?
• How can the theories and methods used to study historical geography be applied to geography's disciplinary histories?

Benefits to authors

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Please see our Guide for Authors for information on article submission. If you require any further information or help, please visit our Support Centre

Types of paper

Paper Length: Standard articles should generally not exceed 10,000 words, including notes. Tables, maps, diagrams and photographs do not contribute to this word count, but they should be professionally produced and central to the argument of the paper. Longer papers may occasionally be accepted for publication. Papers for Historical Geography at Large should be in the region of 2-3,000 words. The length of Commentaries, Conference Reports, Obituaries and Review Essays are subject to discussion with editors.

Contact details for submission

Authors of Reviews and Review Articles should now submit via the online system.

Authors who are unable to provide an electronic version or whose circumstances prevent online submission must contact the journal Editorial Office prior to submission to discuss alternate options, email: [email protected]

Papers submitted to the Journal of Historical Geography will normally be evaluated by three referees. Authors and referees will remain anonymous, though some referees may opt to submit 'open' reports. Referees are asked to pay particular attention to the originality of the paper's empirical research, the skill with which the author(s) present and analyse their evidence, and the importance of their research to wider theoretical debate. To be accepted, therefore, a paper must make an original and significant contribution to the general field of historical geography and be properly grounded in the relevant literature.

Before you begin

Ethics in publishing

Please see our information on Ethics in publishing.

Declaration of interest

All authors must disclose any financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence (bias) their work. Examples of potential competing interests include employment, consultancies, stock ownership, honoraria, paid expert testimony, patent applications/registrations, and grants or other funding. Authors must disclose any interests in two places: 1. A summary declaration of interest statement in the title page file (if double anonymized) or the manuscript file (if single anonymized). If there are no interests to declare then please state this: 'Declarations of interest: none'. 2. Detailed disclosures as part of a separate Declaration of Interest form, which forms part of the journal's official records. It is important for potential interests to be declared in both places and that the information matches. More information.

Declaration of generative AI in scientific writing

The below guidance only refers to the writing process, and not to the use of AI tools to analyse and draw insights from data as part of the research process.

Where authors use generative artificial intelligence (AI) and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process, authors should only use these technologies to improve readability and language. Applying the technology should be done with human oversight and control, and authors should carefully review and edit the result, as AI can generate authoritative-sounding output that can be incorrect, incomplete or biased. AI and AI-assisted technologies should not be listed as an author or co-author, or be cited as an author. Authorship implies responsibilities and tasks that can only be attributed to and performed by humans, as outlined in Elsevier’s AI policy for authors.

Authors should disclose in their manuscript the use of AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process by following the instructions below. A statement will appear in the published work. Please note that authors are ultimately responsible and accountable for the contents of the work.

Disclosure instructions
Authors must disclose the use of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process by adding a statement at the end of their manuscript in the core manuscript file, before the References list. The statement should be placed in a new section entitled ‘Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process’.

Statement: During the preparation of this work the author(s) used [NAME TOOL / SERVICE] in order to [REASON]. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.

This declaration does not apply to the use of basic tools for checking grammar, spelling, references etc. If there is nothing to disclose, there is no need to add a statement.

Submission declaration and verification

Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract, a published lecture or academic thesis, see 'Multiple, redundant or concurrent publication' for more information), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright-holder. To verify compliance, your article may be checked by Crossref Similarity Check and other originality or duplicate checking software.

Use of inclusive language

Inclusive language acknowledges diversity, conveys respect to all people, is sensitive to differences, and promotes equal opportunities. Content should make no assumptions about the beliefs or commitments of any reader; contain nothing which might imply that one individual is superior to another on the grounds of age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability or health condition; and use inclusive language throughout. Authors should ensure that writing is free from bias, stereotypes, slang, reference to dominant culture and/or cultural assumptions. We advise to seek gender neutrality by using plural nouns ("clinicians, patients/clients") as default/wherever possible to avoid using "he, she," or "he/she." We recommend avoiding the use of descriptors that refer to personal attributes such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability or health condition unless they are relevant and valid. When coding terminology is used, we recommend to avoid offensive or exclusionary terms such as "master", "slave", "blacklist" and "whitelist". We suggest using alternatives that are more appropriate and (self-) explanatory such as "primary", "secondary", "blocklist" and "allowlist". These guidelines are meant as a point of reference to help identify appropriate language but are by no means exhaustive or definitive.

Reporting sex- and gender-based analyses

Reporting guidance
For research involving or pertaining to humans, animals or eukaryotic cells, investigators should integrate sex and gender-based analyses (SGBA) into their research design according to funder/sponsor requirements and best practices within a field. Authors should address the sex and/or gender dimensions of their research in their article. In cases where they cannot, they should discuss this as a limitation to their research's generalizability. Importantly, authors should explicitly state what definitions of sex and/or gender they are applying to enhance the precision, rigor and reproducibility of their research and to avoid ambiguity or conflation of terms and the constructs to which they refer (see Definitions section below). Authors can refer to the Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) guidelines and the SAGER guidelines checklist. These offer systematic approaches to the use and editorial review of sex and gender information in study design, data analysis, outcome reporting and research interpretation - however, please note there is no single, universally agreed-upon set of guidelines for defining sex and gender.

Definitions
Sex generally refers to a set of biological attributes that are associated with physical and physiological features (e.g., chromosomal genotype, hormonal levels, internal and external anatomy). A binary sex categorization (male/female) is usually designated at birth (""sex assigned at birth""), most often based solely on the visible external anatomy of a newborn. Gender generally refers to socially constructed roles, behaviors, and identities of women, men and gender-diverse people that occur in a historical and cultural context and may vary across societies and over time. Gender influences how people view themselves and each other, how they behave and interact and how power is distributed in society. Sex and gender are often incorrectly portrayed as binary (female/male or woman/man) and unchanging whereas these constructs actually exist along a spectrum and include additional sex categorizations and gender identities such as people who are intersex/have differences of sex development (DSD) or identify as non-binary. Moreover, the terms ""sex"" and ""gender"" can be ambiguous—thus it is important for authors to define the manner in which they are used. In addition to this definition guidance and the SAGER guidelines, the resources on this page offer further insight around sex and gender in research studies.

Author contributions

For transparency, we require corresponding authors to provide co-author contributions to the manuscript using the relevant CRediT roles. The CRediT taxonomy includes 14 different roles describing each contributor’s specific contribution to the scholarly output. The roles are: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Software; Supervision; Validation; Visualization; Roles/Writing - original draft; and Writing - review & editing. Note that not all roles may apply to every manuscript, and authors may have contributed through multiple roles. More details and an example.

Changes to authorship

Authors are expected to consider carefully the list and order of authors before submitting their manuscript and provide the definitive list of authors at the time of the original submission. Any addition, deletion or rearrangement of author names in the authorship list should be made only before the manuscript has been accepted and only if approved by the journal Editor. To request such a change, the Editor must receive the following from the corresponding author: (a) the reason for the change in author list and (b) written confirmation (e-mail, letter) from all authors that they agree with the addition, removal or rearrangement. In the case of addition or removal of authors, this includes confirmation from the author being added or removed.
Only in exceptional circumstances will the Editor consider the addition, deletion or rearrangement of authors after the manuscript has been accepted. While the Editor considers the request, publication of the manuscript will be suspended. If the manuscript has already been published in an online issue, any requests approved by the Editor will result in a corrigendum.

Article transfer service
This journal uses the Elsevier Article Transfer Service to find the best home for your manuscript. This means that if an editor feels your manuscript is more suitable for an alternative journal, you might be asked to consider transferring the manuscript to such a journal. The recommendation might be provided by a Journal Editor, a dedicated Scientific Managing Editor, a tool assisted recommendation, or a combination. If you agree, your manuscript will be transferred, though you will have the opportunity to make changes to the manuscript before the submission is complete. Please note that your manuscript will be independently reviewed by the new journal. More information.

Copyright

Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' (see more information on this). An e-mail will be sent to the corresponding author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' form or a link to the online version of this agreement.

Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or prepare lists of articles including abstracts for internal circulation within their institutions. Permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution outside the institution and for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations. If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by authors in these cases.

For gold open access articles: Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete a 'License Agreement' (more information). Permitted third party reuse of gold open access articles is determined by the author's choice of user license.

Author rights
As an author you (or your employer or institution) have certain rights to reuse your work. More information.

Elsevier supports responsible sharing
Find out how you can share your research published in Elsevier journals.

Role of the funding source

You are requested to identify who provided financial support for the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the article and to briefly describe the role of the sponsor(s), if any, in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication. If the funding source(s) had no such involvement, it is recommended to state this.

Open access

Please visit our Open Access page for more information about open access publishing in this journal.

Elsevier Researcher Academy
Researcher Academy is a free e-learning platform designed to support early and mid-career researchers throughout their research journey. The "Learn" environment at Researcher Academy offers several interactive modules, webinars, downloadable guides and resources to guide you through the process of writing for research and going through peer review. Feel free to use these free resources to improve your submission and navigate the publication process with ease.

Language (usage and editing services)
Please write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these). Authors who feel their English language manuscript may require editing to eliminate possible grammatical or spelling errors and to conform to correct scientific English may wish to use the Language Editing service available from Elsevier's Language Services.

Submission

Submission to this journal proceeds totally online and you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of your files. The system automatically converts source files (the individual files you are required to submit) to a single PDF file of the article, which is used in the peer-review process. Please note that even though manuscript source files are converted to PDF files at submission for the review process, these source files are needed for further processing after acceptance. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revision, takes place by e-mail removing the need for a paper trail.

Submission Site for Journal of Historical Geography

To submit your paper please click here: https://www.editorialmanager.com/YJHGE

Preparation

Journal style

In July 2023 the journal style was updated and submissions should be set out in the manner below. Spelling can conform either to British usage (following The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary) or to American usage (following Webster's New International Dictionary) though care should be taken to ensure consistency. Please use double line spacing. The journal style is based on the MHRA Style Guide (especially Chapter 11, References). This is available at https://www.mhra.org.uk/style/contents.html (last accessed 7 June 2023), while a quick guide is provided at https://www.mhra.org.uk/style/quick.html (last accessed 7 June 2023). The MHRA style is available on most pieces of referencing software, but it is the author's responsibility to ensure consistency with the guidelines below. Please note that, as with the MHRA style, edited collection citations begin with the title not the editor's names. Unlike the MHRA style, we use a shortened publication title for all repeat citations.

Matters of style
  • Single quotation marks should be used throughout the manuscript, except for quotes within quotes. Avoid the use of 'scare quotes' and using italic for emphasis.
  • For quotations, the order of punctuation should be quote mark, full stop, superscript number for footnote. That is '.27
  • Centuries should be referred to by word rather than number (twentieth rather than 20th).
  • Avoid the use of abbreviations such as e.g., i.e. and etc.
  • Dashes used within the text — as a form of punctuation — should be em dashes (—) with spaces either side.
  • En dashes without spaces should be used for year ranges, as in 1812–1815.
  • Hyphens should be used only when they have a specific purpose. They are normally used to link two or more words, so they function as an adjective before a noun, therefore 'a tenth-century manuscript' but 'in the tenth century'.
  • Ellipses in quotations should be given as … with spaces either side and, when they end a sentence, as ….
  • Numbers should be written in full up to ninety-nine and where round (twenty, one hundred, two thousand), except in technical or statistical contexts, or when referring to money (£2000 or $500).
  • Foreign language words not in common usage should be given in italic on first use, and in a context that clearly describes what is referred to.
  • Capitalization: lower case for north, south, east and west; eastern, southern; and northeast, southwest etc. except where they are part of place names, or as proper nouns. For people and positions: use upper case for ranks and titles when written in conjunction with a name, but lower case when on their own. Thus Queen Elizabeth, but the queen; President Kennedy, but the president. Office-holders should usually be lower case: the prime minister, the director of the Science Museum, the archbishop. For organizations, the first usage should be the full name with capitals (the Scottish Parliament, the Supreme Court), subsequent shortened usage should usually be lower case (the parliament, the court).

Headings
The text should be organized under appropriate section heading, although you should not use any heading for the opening section. Section headings should be marked as follows: primary headings should be typed in capitals and underlined; secondary headings should be typed with initial capital letters and underlined; tertiary headings should be typed in lower case and underlined. Any subsequent headings should be preceded by a Roman numeral (i, ii, iii etc.) placed on the first line of text and underlined. All headings should be placed on the lefthand side of the text.

Footnotes
JHG uses a footnote reference system and there is no consolidated bibliography at the end of the paper. Papers submitted that do not use this system will be returned to authors. Footnotes should be numbered sequentially throughout and there should be only one footnote per sentence. Authors should avoid long discursive notes and consolidate their notes to avoid excessive repetition of the same reference or source. For footnotes containing more than one citation, the citations should be separated by a semi-colon. Citations for quotations should only include the cited page(s) not the full page range of the article or chapter, even on the first citation. Citation of a reference as 'in press' implies that the item has been accepted for publication. Responsibility for the accuracy of bibliographic citations lies entirely with the authors.

Superscript numbers indicating notes should appear at the end of sentences, rather than in mid sentence. The footnotes themselves should appear as footnotes, at the base of each page.

Reference style
References should be given in the following form. Please note in particular the use of capitals and quote marks for paper and chapter titles, the inclusion of publisher names and place of publication, the use of p. or pp. for single and plural quotation page numbers respectively, and the use of semicolons to separate references within a footnote. Short titles for subsequent citation should include enough of the title to makes sense, and ibid, op. cit., loc. cit. should not be used. References to non English language sources should be made in their original language. Authors are welcome to provide English translations, and the editors would be considerate of this regarding the article word count.

Journal article: Lucy Veale, Georgina Endfield, and Simon Naylor, 'Knowing Weather in Place: The Helm Wind of Cross Fell', Journal of Historical Geography 45 (2014) 25–37. There is no usage of pp. before the page range, nor is the part number of the journal issue used unless each part is individually paginated.

Journal article with citation: Lucy Veale, Georgina Endfield, and Simon Naylor, 'Knowing Weather in Place: The Helm Wind of Cross Fell', Journal of Historical Geography 45 (2014) 25–37 (p. 32).

Short title for subsequent citation, of page 32 of the article: Veale, Endfield and Naylor, 'Knowing Weather in Place', p. 32.

Book: Innes M. Keighren, Charles W.J. Withers, and Bill Bell, Travels into Print: Exploration, Writing, and Publishing with John Murray, 1773–1859 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015).

Book with citation: Innes M. Keighren, Charles W.J. Withers, and Bill Bell, Travels into Print: Exploration, Writing, and Publishing with John Murray, 1773–1859 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), p. 15.

Specified volumes or editions should be written out in full: volume 1 or second edition.

Short title for subsequent citation, of page 15 of the book: Keighren, Withers and Bell, Travels into Print, p. 15.

Edited Collection: Spaces of Global Knowledge: Exhibition, Encounter and Exchange in an Age of Empire, ed. by Jonathan Jeffrey Wright and Diarmid A. Finnegan (Abingdon: Ashgate, 2015).

Chapter in Edited Collection: Caroline Cornish, 'Curating Global Knowledge: The Museum of Economic Botany at Kew Gardens', in Spaces of Global Knowledge: Exhibition, Encounter and Exchange in an Age of Empire, ed. by Jonathan Jeffrey Wright and Diarmid A. Finnegan (Abingdon: Ashgate, 2015), pp. 119–142.

Chapter in Edited Collection with citation: Caroline Cornish, 'Curating Global Knowledge: The Museum of Economic Botany at Kew Gardens', in Spaces of Global Knowledge: Exhibition, Encounter and Exchange in an Age of Empire, ed. by Jonathan Jeffrey Wright and Diarmid A. Finnegan (Abingdon: Ashgate, 2015), pp. 119–142 (p. 123).

Short title for subsequent citations, of page 123 of the chapter. Cornish, 'Curating Global Knowledge', p. 123.

Digital Resources and Websites: Give details of author, title and so on, with the URL in full followed by the date last accessed: For example, Spaces of Internationalism, https://spacesofinternationalism.omeka.net/ last accessed 6 June 2023. For further information see sections 11.2.11 to 11.2.17 of https://www.mhra.org.uk/style/11.2#11 (last accessed 6 June 2023).

Theses: Catherine Porter, 'Towards a Quantitative Methodology for Exploring Maps and Early Mapping in Early Modern Ireland, c. 1530-1610', (unpublished PhD thesis, Lancaster University, 2014).

Short title for subsequent citation of page 201 of the thesis: Porter, Towards a Quantitative Methodology for Exploring Maps and Early Mapping, p. 201.

Figure captions
Figure captions must also include reference to the source of the image and permissions, where necessary, to reproduce the items. Full information on these captions is included in the Artwork section below.

Manuscript and archival materials
Full reference must be given for the sources of manuscript and other unpublished materials cited for the first time. In subsequent references to the same material, an abbreviation can be used for the source (indicated in the first reference). Names may also be shortened in repeat references. Folio or page numbers should be at the end of the reference, pp. and p. and ff. or f. are not used.

Examples:

John Brown to Lord Elgin, 15 September 1839, Brown Collection, State Library of Western Australia, Perth [hereafter SLWA], 2. Short title for subsequent citation: Brown to Elgin, 15 September 1839, SLWA, 2.

Tour diary, 8 March 1900, Lady Curzon Papers, Oriental and India Office Collection, British Library [hereafter OIOC], Mss Eur. F306/42, 3v. Short title for subsequent citation: Tour diary, 8 March 1900, OIOC Mss Eur. F306/42, 3v.

Queries

For questions about the editorial process (including the status of manuscripts under review) or for technical support on submissions, please visit our Support Center.

Peer review

This journal operates a double anonymized review process. All contributions will be initially assessed by the editor for suitability for the journal. Papers deemed suitable are then typically sent to a minimum of two independent expert reviewers to assess the scientific quality of the paper. The Editor is responsible for the final decision regarding acceptance or rejection of articles. The Editor's decision is final. Editors are not involved in decisions about papers which they have written themselves or have been written by family members or colleagues or which relate to products or services in which the editor has an interest. Any such submission is subject to all of the journal's usual procedures, with peer review handled independently of the relevant editor and their research groups. More information on types of peer review.

Double anonymized review

This journal uses double anonymized review, which means the identities of the authors are concealed from the reviewers, and vice versa. More information is available on our website. To facilitate this, please include the following separately:
Title page (with author details): This should include the title, authors' names, affiliations, acknowledgements and any Declaration of Interest statement, and a complete address for the corresponding author including an e-mail address.
Anonymized manuscript (no author details): The main body of the paper (including the references, figures, tables and any acknowledgements) should not include any identifying information, such as the authors' names or affiliations.

Highlights

Highlights are mandatory for this journal as they help increase the discoverability of your article via search engines. They consist of a short collection of bullet points that capture the novel results of your research as well as new methods that were used during the study (if any). Please have a look at the example Highlights.

Highlights should be submitted in a separate editable file in the online submission system. Please use 'Highlights' in the file name and include 3 to 5 bullet points (maximum 85 characters, including spaces, per bullet point).

Acknowledgements
Collate acknowledgements in a separate file and do not, therefore, include them on the title page, as a footnote to the title or otherwise. Please upload this with the file type ?Acknowledgement?. List here those individuals who provided help during the research (e.g., providing language help, writing assistance or proof reading the article, etc.).

Formatting of funding sources
List funding sources in this standard way to facilitate compliance to funder's requirements:

Funding: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health [grant numbers xxxx, yyyy]; the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA [grant number zzzz]; and the United States Institutes of Peace [grant number aaaa].

It is not necessary to include detailed descriptions on the program or type of grants and awards. When funding is from a block grant or other resources available to a university, college, or other research institution, submit the name of the institute or organization that provided the funding.

If no funding has been provided for the research, it is recommended to include the following sentence:

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Artwork

Electronic artwork
General points
• Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.
• Embed the used fonts if the application provides that option.
• Aim to use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Times New Roman, Symbol, or use fonts that look similar.
• Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.
• Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.
• Provide captions to illustrations separately.
• Size the illustrations close to the desired dimensions of the published version.
• Submit each illustration as a separate file.
• Ensure that color images are accessible to all, including those with impaired color vision.

A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available.
You are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here.
Formats
If your electronic artwork is created in a Microsoft Office application (Word, PowerPoint, Excel) then please supply 'as is' in the native document format.
Regardless of the application used other than Microsoft Office, when your electronic artwork is finalized, please 'Save as' or convert the images to one of the following formats (note the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below):
EPS (or PDF): Vector drawings, embed all used fonts.
TIFF (or JPEG): Color or grayscale photographs (halftones), keep to a minimum of 300 dpi.
TIFF (or JPEG): Bitmapped (pure black & white pixels) line drawings, keep to a minimum of 1000 dpi.
TIFF (or JPEG): Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (color or grayscale), keep to a minimum of 500 dpi.
Please do not:
• Supply files that are optimized for screen use (e.g., GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); these typically have a low number of pixels and limited set of colors;
• Supply files that are too low in resolution;
• Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.

Figure captions
Each figure must have a caption which is not on the figure itself and begins with the abbreviation Fig., followed by the number and a period, all in bold, as in Fig. 1., which is keyed to a parenthetical callout in the appropriate place in the text, as in (Fig. 1), not in bold. Supply captions separately as a list at the end of your manuscript file, which includes all captions. Captions should comprise a brief descriptive title for the figure, and, following the word Source: should give the origin or location of the figure and, where applicable, the publication permission details as specified by the image or copyright holder, as in Source: used with permission from the Walter P. Reuther Library, George Edwards Jr. Collection, Part 3, Box 103, Folder 1936—1954. Use italic for the titles of books and works of art.

Tables

Please submit tables as editable text and not as images. Tables can be placed either next to the relevant text in the article, or on separate page(s) at the end. Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text and place any table notes below the table body. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in them do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article. Please avoid using vertical rules. Each table should have a separate caption with a descriptive title and details of the source of the data presented.

Data references
This journal encourages you to cite underlying or relevant datasets in your manuscript by citing them in your text and including a data reference in your Reference List. Data references should include the following elements: author name(s), dataset title, data repository, version (where available), year, and global persistent identifier. Add [dataset] immediately before the reference so we can properly identify it as a data reference. The [dataset] identifier will not appear in your published article.

Preprint references
Where a preprint has subsequently become available as a peer-reviewed publication, the formal publication should be used as the reference. If there are preprints that are central to your work or that cover crucial developments in the topic, but are not yet formally published, these may be referenced. Preprints should be clearly marked as such, for example by including the word preprint, or the name of the preprint server, as part of the reference. The preprint DOI should also be provided.

Video

Elsevier accepts video material and animation sequences to support and enhance your scientific research. Authors who have video or animation files that they wish to submit with their article are strongly encouraged to include links to these within the body of the article. This can be done in the same way as a figure or table by referring to the video or animation content and noting in the body text where it should be placed. All submitted files should be properly labeled so that they directly relate to the video file's content. In order to ensure that your video or animation material is directly usable, please provide the file in one of our recommended file formats with a preferred maximum size of 150 MB per file, 1 GB in total. Video and animation files supplied will be published online in the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect. Please supply 'stills' with your files: you can choose any frame from the video or animation or make a separate image. These will be used instead of standard icons and will personalize the link to your video data. For more detailed instructions please visit our video instruction pages. Note: since video and animation cannot be embedded in the print version of the journal, please provide text for both the electronic and the print version for the portions of the article that refer to this content.

Data visualization

Include interactive data visualizations in your publication and let your readers interact and engage more closely with your research. Follow the instructions here to find out about available data visualization options and how to include them with your article.

Supplementary material

Supplementary material such as applications, images and sound clips, can be published with your article to enhance it. Submitted supplementary items are published exactly as they are received (Excel or PowerPoint files will appear as such online). Please submit your material together with the article and supply a concise, descriptive caption for each supplementary file. If you wish to make changes to supplementary material during any stage of the process, please make sure to provide an updated file. Do not annotate any corrections on a previous version. Please switch off the 'Track Changes' option in Microsoft Office files as these will appear in the published version.

Research data

This journal encourages and enables you to share data that supports your research publication where appropriate, and enables you to interlink the data with your published articles. Research data refers to the results of observations or experimentation that validate research findings, which may also include software, code, models, algorithms, protocols, methods and other useful materials related to the project.

Below are a number of ways in which you can associate data with your article or make a statement about the availability of your data when submitting your manuscript. If you are sharing data in one of these ways, you are encouraged to cite the data in your manuscript and reference list. Please refer to the "References" section for more information about data citation. For more information on depositing, sharing and using research data and other relevant research materials, visit the research data page.

Data linking
If you have made your research data available in a data repository, you can link your article directly to the dataset. Elsevier collaborates with a number of repositories to link articles on ScienceDirect with relevant repositories, giving readers access to underlying data that gives them a better understanding of the research described.

There are different ways to link your datasets to your article. When available, you can directly link your dataset to your article by providing the relevant information in the submission system. For more information, visit the database linking page.

For supported data repositories a repository banner will automatically appear next to your published article on ScienceDirect.

In addition, you can link to relevant data or entities through identifiers within the text of your manuscript, using the following format: Database: xxxx (e.g., TAIR: AT1G01020; CCDC: 734053; PDB: 1XFN).

Research Elements

This journal enables you to publish research objects related to your original research – such as data, methods, protocols, software and hardware – as an additional paper in a Research Elements journal.

Research Elements is a suite of peer-reviewed, open access journals which make your research objects findable, accessible and reusable. Articles place research objects into context by providing detailed descriptions of objects and their application, and linking to the associated original research articles. Research Elements articles can be prepared by you, or by one of your collaborators.

During submission, you will be alerted to the opportunity to prepare and submit a manuscript to one of the Research Elements journals.

More information can be found on the Research Elements page.

Data statement
To foster transparency, we encourage you to state the availability of your data in your submission. This may be a requirement of your funding body or institution. If your data is unavailable to access or unsuitable to post, you will have the opportunity to indicate why during the submission process, for example by stating that the research data is confidential. The statement will appear with your published article on ScienceDirect. For more information, visit the Data Statement page.

Submission checklist

The following list will be useful during the final checking of an article prior to sending it to the journal for review. Please consult this Guide for Authors for further details of any item.
Ensure that the following items are present:
One author has been designated as the corresponding author with contact details:
• E-mail address
• Full postal address
• Telephone and fax numbers
All necessary files have been uploaded, and contain:
• Keywords
• All figure captions
• All tables (including title, description, footnotes)
Further considerations
• Manuscript has been 'spell-checked' and 'grammar-checked'
• References are in the correct format for this journal
• Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources (including the Web)
• Color figures are clearly marked as being intended for color reproduction on the Web (free of charge) and in print, or to be reproduced in color on the Web (free of charge) and in black-and-white in print
• If only color on the Web is required, black-and-white versions of the figures are also supplied for printing purposes
For any further information please visit our customer support site at https://service.elsevier.com.

Additional information

After acceptance

Online proof correction

To ensure a fast publication process of the article, we kindly ask authors to provide us with their proof corrections within two days. Corresponding authors will receive an e-mail with a link to our online proofing system, allowing annotation and correction of proofs online. The environment is similar to MS Word: in addition to editing text, you can also comment on figures/tables and answer questions from the Copy Editor. Web-based proofing provides a faster and less error-prone process by allowing you to directly type your corrections, eliminating the potential introduction of errors.
If preferred, you can still choose to annotate and upload your edits on the PDF version. All instructions for proofing will be given in the e-mail we send to authors, including alternative methods to the online version and PDF.
We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately. Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the text, tables and figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission from the Editor. It is important to ensure that all corrections are sent back to us in one communication. Please check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequent corrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibility.

Offprints

The corresponding author will, at no cost, receive a customized Share Link providing 50 days free access to the final published version of the article on ScienceDirect. The Share Link can be used for sharing the article via any communication channel, including email and social media. For an extra charge, paper offprints can be ordered via the offprint order form which is sent once the article is accepted for publication. Corresponding authors who have published their article gold open access do not receive a Share Link as their final published version of the article is available open access on ScienceDirect and can be shared through the article DOI link.

Additional information

Author inquiries



Visit the Elsevier Support Center to find the answers you need. Here you will find everything from Frequently Asked Questions to ways to get in touch.
You can also check the status of your submitted article or find out when your accepted article will be published.