Your Paper Your Way

We now differentiate between the requirements for new and revised submissions. You may choose to submit your manuscript as a single Word or PDF file to be used in the refereeing process. Only when your paper is at the revision stage, will you be requested to put your paper in to a 'correct format' for acceptance and provide the items required for the publication of your article.
To find out more, please visit the Preparation section below.

Introduction



AIM AND SCOPE

Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights is a gold open access social sciences journal focusing upon applied research in tourism. It is a companion title to the highly-regarded Annals of Tourism Research and publishes empirically-based full research articles and research notes where findings have implications beyond the case study context, and are relevant to a broader audience of academy, policy and/or industry practitioners. Work published in Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights must be implemented using rigorous research designs to ensure the integrity of conclusions drawn. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights accommodates the open access requirements by some countries, funding bodies and research institutions.

ESSENTIAL CRITERIA FOR PUBLICATION
Is the research question relevant?
Is the research design / methodology clearly explained?
Does the research design / methodology ensure valid conclusions?
Is the simplest possible correct research design / methodology used?
Are empirical insights clearly explained, analysed and discussed?
Are empirical insights relevant beyond the study context?
Is the connection of prior work / theory discussed?
Is the article readable and well illustrated?

DESIRABLE FEATURES FOR PUBLICATION
Does the paper present explicit recommendations to tourism businesses, tourism organisations, or policy makers regulating the tourism industry?
Does the paper present a methodological innovation?
Does the paper present a theoretical innovation?

Types of article

  1. Full research articles
    Whilst there is no fixed lower word limit, the absolute maximum number of words for published articles is 10,000 words (incl. tables, etc). The word limit for new or revised submission is 10,000 (incl. tables, figures and references). The research should be from a social science perspective underpinned by any paradigm, be it qualitative, quantitative, or mixed. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights views the social sciences as disciplines and fields contributing to our understanding of how human behaviour and society shape the world around us. Articles that intersect the humanities and or other sciences with the social sciences are encouraged.
  2. Research Notes
    Research Notes (RN) are not mini-papers, they are short communications on a research theme, topic or development in theory or method (a maximum 2,000 words in length incl. tables, figures and references). Research notes allow space for authors to develop or apply theories from other fields which can be taken up by future researchers in tourism, they may be used to report on preliminary findings, develop hypotheses, and challenge established approaches/research findings. They may test propositions or hypotheses; apply new models and tools to tourism from other fields, promote multidisciplinary investigation in tourism; provide updates on ongoing longitudinal research; report on issues arising in the tourism industry around the world which may be overlooked (based on empirical evidence). The essence lies in the flow and in the convincing statement of cutting-edge questions and answers/suggestions for future research.
  3. Viewpoints
    A viewpoint exists for the expression of opinion (a maximum 1,000 words in length inc tables, figures and references). A viewpoint allows authors to submit material not suitable for a full-length article but containing ideas worthy of publication on a topical theme or issue related to the advancement of tourism knowledge. These are published at the discretion of the Editors in Chief.
  4. Special Issues and Curated Collections
    The peer review process for Special Issues and Curated Collections observes the same standards as for regular submissions. Papers submitted to a Special Issue are assigned to its external Guest Editor. The Guest Editor sends the manuscript to a minimum ofthree independent expert reviewers to assess the scientific quality of the paper. The Guest Editor makes a recommendation for the decision to the Editors in Chief. The Editors in Chief are responsible for the final decision regarding acceptance or rejection of articles. The Editors in Chief oversee the peer review process of all Special Issues and Articles Collections to ensure the journal?s normal high standards of publishing ethics and responsiveness are respected. Guest Editors are not involved in decisions about papers which they have written themselves or have been written by family members or colleagues or which relate to products or services in which the guest editor has an interest. Any such submission is subject to all of the journal's usual procedures, with peer review handled independently of the relevant editor and their research groups.

Contact details for submission

Please submit your article via Support Center If you are experiencing problems with the online submission, please contact Support Center for further instructions.

Submission checklist

Submission is online and you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of your files. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revision, takes place by e-mail.
Article Type (Full research article [9,000 words], Research Note [2,000 words], Commentary [3,000 words])
Full Title (Limit 56 characters)
Author(s) details
Article type (Qualitative, Quantitative)
Abstract (To be submitted only to Full research article. The limit should be between 110 and 120 words)
Keywords (Limit 6 Keywords)
Classification: This records the discipline / method used.
Confirm responses to questions on: submission only to Annals, word count of your article, acknowledgements, data in brief submission, and contributions of each author to the article.

Please note that an editable file is needed for publication purposes after acceptance, and we ask that you submit source files in the case that your manuscript is accepted.

Once the uploading is completed, the system automatically generates an electronic PDF proof, which is then used for reviewing once approved and submitted to the journal by the author.

We strongly suggest you regularly check your spam folder for EM notifications. Update your 'Safe Senders' list to ensure that emails from EM are not filtered into your spam folder.

All manuscripts are subject to an initial editorial screening for adherence to the journal style, for anonymity, and for correct use of English (The Technical check). As a result of this your paper will be either accepted for further consideration or returned for revision. We aim to process each manuscript in a timely manner. If authors have not received an outcome from a first submission within 60 days,they should contact the journal manager at [email protected].

Before you begin

Ethics in publishing

Please see our information on Ethics in publishing.

Declaration of competing interest

Corresponding authors, on behalf of all the authors of a submission, must disclose any financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence (bias) their work. Examples of potential conflicts of interest include employment, consultancies, stock ownership, honoraria, paid expert testimony, patent applications/registrations, and grants or other funding. All authors, including those without competing interests to declare, should provide the relevant information to the corresponding author (which, where relevant, may specify they have nothing to declare). Corresponding authors should then use this tool to create a shared statement and upload to the submission system at the Attach Files step. Please do not convert the .docx template to another file type. Author signatures are not required.

Declaration of generative AI in scientific writing

The below guidance only refers to the writing process, and not to the use of AI tools to analyse and draw insights from data as part of the research process.

Where authors use generative artificial intelligence (AI) and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process, authors should only use these technologies to improve readability and language. Applying the technology should be done with human oversight and control, and authors should carefully review and edit the result, as AI can generate authoritative-sounding output that can be incorrect, incomplete or biased. AI and AI-assisted technologies should not be listed as an author or co-author, or be cited as an author. Authorship implies responsibilities and tasks that can only be attributed to and performed by humans, as outlined in Elsevier’s AI policy for authors.

Authors should disclose in their manuscript the use of AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process by following the instructions below. A statement will appear in the published work. Please note that authors are ultimately responsible and accountable for the contents of the work.

Disclosure instructions
Authors must disclose the use of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process by adding a statement at the end of their manuscript in the core manuscript file, before the References list. The statement should be placed in a new section entitled ‘Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process’.

Statement: During the preparation of this work the author(s) used [NAME TOOL / SERVICE] in order to [REASON]. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.

This declaration does not apply to the use of basic tools for checking grammar, spelling, references etc. If there is nothing to disclose, there is no need to add a statement.

Submission declaration

It is our policy to publish new and original work. Text copied from copyrighted works from third parties, even in an introduction, should never be used without clearly identifying the other source (either by quotations or indentations). Every paper should present some novelty and new results in the form of a unique paper written in an author's own words. Unless a legitimate explanation is received for the large amount of textual overlap between the submitted paper and the abovementioned previously published work(s), this paper will not be reconsidered for publication.

We use CrossCheck powered by iThenticate software to check the originality of manuscripts. For more information on CrossCheck visit their website at http://www.crossref.org/crosscheck/index.html

Submission of an article implies that the work described has not: been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis or as an electronic preprint, see 'Multiple, redundant or concurrent publication' section of our ethics policy -https://www.elsevier.com/authors/journal-authors/policies-and-ethics - for more information); that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out; and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright-holder.

Use of inclusive language

Inclusive language acknowledges diversity, conveys respect to all people, is sensitive to differences, and promotes equal opportunities. Content should make no assumptions about the beliefs or commitments of any reader; contain nothing which might imply that one individual is superior to another on the grounds of age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability or health condition; and use inclusive language throughout. Authors should ensure that writing is free from bias, stereotypes, slang, reference to dominant culture and/or cultural assumptions. We advise to seek gender neutrality by using plural nouns ("clinicians, patients/clients") as default/wherever possible to avoid using "he, she," or "he/she." We recommend avoiding the use of descriptors that refer to personal attributes such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability or health condition unless they are relevant and valid. When coding terminology is used, we recommend to avoid offensive or exclusionary terms such as "master", "slave", "blacklist" and "whitelist". We suggest using alternatives that are more appropriate and (self-) explanatory such as "primary", "secondary", "blocklist" and "allowlist". These guidelines are meant as a point of reference to help identify appropriate language but are by no means exhaustive or definitive.

Reporting sex- and gender-based analyses

Reporting guidance
For research involving or pertaining to humans, animals or eukaryotic cells, investigators should integrate sex and gender-based analyses (SGBA) into their research design according to funder/sponsor requirements and best practices within a field. Authors should address the sex and/or gender dimensions of their research in their article. In cases where they cannot, they should discuss this as a limitation to their research's generalizability. Importantly, authors should explicitly state what definitions of sex and/or gender they are applying to enhance the precision, rigor and reproducibility of their research and to avoid ambiguity or conflation of terms and the constructs to which they refer (see Definitions section below). Authors can refer to the Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) guidelines and the SAGER guidelines checklist. These offer systematic approaches to the use and editorial review of sex and gender information in study design, data analysis, outcome reporting and research interpretation - however, please note there is no single, universally agreed-upon set of guidelines for defining sex and gender.

Definitions
Sex generally refers to a set of biological attributes that are associated with physical and physiological features (e.g., chromosomal genotype, hormonal levels, internal and external anatomy). A binary sex categorization (male/female) is usually designated at birth (""sex assigned at birth""), most often based solely on the visible external anatomy of a newborn. Gender generally refers to socially constructed roles, behaviors, and identities of women, men and gender-diverse people that occur in a historical and cultural context and may vary across societies and over time. Gender influences how people view themselves and each other, how they behave and interact and how power is distributed in society. Sex and gender are often incorrectly portrayed as binary (female/male or woman/man) and unchanging whereas these constructs actually exist along a spectrum and include additional sex categorizations and gender identities such as people who are intersex/have differences of sex development (DSD) or identify as non-binary. Moreover, the terms ""sex"" and ""gender"" can be ambiguous—thus it is important for authors to define the manner in which they are used. In addition to this definition guidance and the SAGER guidelines, the resources on this page offer further insight around sex and gender in research studies.

Author contributions

For transparency, we require corresponding authors to provide co-author contributions to the manuscript using the relevant CRediT roles. The CRediT taxonomy includes 14 different roles describing each contributor’s specific contribution to the scholarly output. The roles are: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Software; Supervision; Validation; Visualization; Roles/Writing - original draft; and Writing - review & editing. Note that not all roles may apply to every manuscript, and authors may have contributed through multiple roles. More details and an example.

Authorship

Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study. All those who have made significant contributions should be listed as co-authors. Where there are others who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the research project, they should be acknowledged or listed as contributors. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate coauthors are included on the paper, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.

Changes to authorship

Authors are expected to consider carefully the list and order of authors before submitting their manuscript and provide the definitive list of authors at the time of the original submission. Any addition, deletion or rearrangement of author names in the authorship list should be made only before the manuscript has been accepted and only if approved by the journal Editor. To request such a change, the Editor must receive the following from the corresponding author: (a) the reason for the change in author list and (b) written confirmation (e-mail, letter) from all authors that they agree with the addition, removal or rearrangement. In the case of addition or removal of authors, this includes confirmation from the author being added or removed.
Only in exceptional circumstances will the Editor consider the addition, deletion or rearrangement of authors after the manuscript has been accepted. While the Editor considers the request, publication of the manuscript will be suspended. If the manuscript has already been published in an online issue, any requests approved by the Editor will result in a corrigendum.

Article transfer service
This journal uses the Elsevier Article Transfer Service to find the best home for your manuscript. This means that if an editor feels your manuscript is more suitable for an alternative journal, you might be asked to consider transferring the manuscript to such a journal. The recommendation might be provided by a Journal Editor, a dedicated Scientific Managing Editor, a tool assisted recommendation, or a combination. If you agree, your manuscript will be transferred, though you will have the opportunity to make changes to the manuscript before the submission is complete. Please note that your manuscript will be independently reviewed by the new journal. More information.

Copyright

Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete an 'Exclusive License Agreement' (more information). Permitted third party reuse of gold open access articles is determined by the author's choice of user license.

Elsevier supports responsible sharing
Find out how you can share your research published in Elsevier journals.

Role of the funding source

You are requested to identify who provided financial support for the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the article and to briefly describe the role of the sponsor(s), if any, in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication. If the funding source(s) had no such involvement, it is recommended to state this.

Open access

Please visit our Open Access page for more information about open access publishing in this journal.

Elsevier Researcher Academy
Researcher Academy is a free e-learning platform designed to support early and mid-career researchers throughout their research journey. The "Learn" environment at Researcher Academy offers several interactive modules, webinars, downloadable guides and resources to guide you through the process of writing for research and going through peer review. Feel free to use these free resources to improve your submission and navigate the publication process with ease.

SUBMISSION

Submission to this journal proceeds totally online and you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of your files. The system automatically converts source files to a single PDF file of the an, which is used in the peer-review process. Please note that even though manuscript source files are converted to PDF files at submission for the review process, these source files are needed for further processing after acceptance. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and art for revision, takes place by e-mail removing the need for a paper trail.

When submitting a manuscript to the Elsevier Editorial System, authors need to supply/select the following:
• Article Type (Full research article [9,000 words], Research Note [2,000 words], Commentary [3,000 words])
• Full Title (Limit 56 characters)
• Author(s) details
• Abstract (To be submitted only to Full research article. The limit should be between 110 and 120 words)
• Keywords (Limit 6 Keywords)
• Classification: This records the discipline / method used.
• Other Comments
• Attach Main Files:
o Author Bio: We strongly encourage submission of an author bio that includes the name(s), the postal/email address of the first author, and a very brief statement about the research interest(s) of the author(s). Its length, whether for single or for all co-authors, must be no more than 75 words in total.
o Title page
o Manuscript (without author details, affiliations and acknowledgements): This should exclude any material that would reveal the identity of the author(s).
o Acknowledgement
o Figures
o Tables

Please note that an editable file is needed for publication purposes after acceptance, and we ask that you submit source files in the case that your manuscript is accepted.

Once the uploading is completed, the system automatically generates an electronic PDF proof, which is then used for reviewing once approved and submitted to the journal by the author. All correspondence, including the editor's decision and request for revisions, will be by e-mail to the corresponding author of the paper.

We strongly suggest you regularly check your spam folder for EM notifications. Update your 'Safe Senders' list to ensure that emails from EM are not filtered into your spam folder.

All manuscripts are subject to an initial editorial screening for adherence to the journal style, for anonymity, and for correct use of English. As a result of this your paper will be either accepted for further consideration or returned for revision.

Submit your article
Please submit your article via https://www.editorialmanager.com/annale/default.aspx

Preparation



Preparation

We request you to prepare your manuscript and other text files in the following way:
Margins are set to 2.5 cms all around.
Please include page numbers on the manuscript file in the bottom left hand side of the page.
Single line spacing. Left justified, with ragged edge on the right hand side.
Spelling is in American or English spelling (not a combination of both).
Paragraphs should be no more than around 15 lines long, and ideally between 125 and 200 words.
Footnotes and endnotes are not encouraged, although they may be used in exceptional circumstances.
All references must be mentioned in the Reference List and cited in the text, and vice versa.
Acronyms are only allowed in the following circumstances: there they represent universally recognised organisations, e.g. UNWTO, NATO, or internationally recognised classifications such as ISO, GDP, or for well recognised scientific methodological terms such as ANOVA, LISREL, PLS and so on. Acronyms are not allowed for field specific terms in any circumstances. Word processing software
You must provide us with an editable file of the entire article. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible. Most formatting codes will be removed and replaced on processing the article. The electronic text should be prepared in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts (see also the Guide to Publishing with Elsevier). See also the section on Electronic artwork. To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the 'spell-check' and 'grammar-check' functions of your word processor. Reference formatting
Reference style Annals follows the referencing style of the American Psychological Association (APA). For full guidelines please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (Fifth Edition), ISBN 1-55798-790-4.

Queries

For questions about the editorial process (including the status of manuscripts under review) or for technical support on submissions, please visit our Support Center.

Peer review

This journal operates a double anonymized review process. All contributions will be initially assessed by the editor for suitability for the journal. Papers deemed suitable are then typically sent to a minimum of two independent expert reviewers to assess the scientific quality of the paper. The Editor is responsible for the final decision regarding acceptance or rejection of articles. The Editor's decision is final. Editors are not involved in decisions about papers which they have written themselves or have been written by family members or colleagues or which relate to products or services in which the editor has an interest. Any such submission is subject to all of the journal's usual procedures, with peer review handled independently of the relevant editor and their research groups. More information on types of peer review.

Double anonymized review

This journal uses double anonymized review, which means the identities of the authors are concealed from the reviewers, and vice versa. More information is available on our website. To facilitate this, please include the following separately:
Title page (with author details): This should include the title, authors' names, affiliations, acknowledgements and any Declaration of Interest statement, and a complete address for the corresponding author including an e-mail address.
Anonymized manuscript (no author details): The main body of the paper (including the references, figures, tables and any acknowledgements) should not include any identifying information, such as the authors' names or affiliations.

REVISED SUBMISSIONS

Use of word processing software
Regardless of the file format of the original submission, at revision you must provide us with an editable file of the entire article. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible. Most formatting codes will be removed and replaced on processing the article. The electronic text should be prepared in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts (see also the Guide to Publishing with Elsevier). See also the section on Electronic artwork.
To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the 'spell-check' and 'grammar-check' functions of your word processor.

Article structure

PREPARE YOUR MANUSCRIPT FOR SUBMISSION FOLLOWING THESE STYLE AND FORMATTING GUIDELINES.
You will be asked to upload the following files:
  1. Cover Letter: (optional)
  2. Author Bio: This should include the name(s), the postal/email address of the first author, and a very brief statement about the research interest(s) of the author(s). Its length, whether for single or for all coauthors, must be no more than 75 words in total.
  3. Title page: Must include;
    o Title (maximum 56 characters inc spaces. Longer titles may be accommodated in a title: subtitle structure), author names and affiliations and e-mail address of each author (indicating the corresponding author)
    o Abstract (To be submitted only to Full research article. The limit should be between 110 and 120 words)
    o keywords (Limit 6 Keywords).
    o Short Author Bios: This should include a very brief statement about the research interest(s) of the author(s). Its length, whether for single or for all co-authors, must be no more than 75 words in total.
  4. Manuscript: must include: title (Limit 56 characters), abstract (To be submitted only to Full research article. The limit should be between 110 and 120 words), keywords and manuscript including tables and figures, and references. This should exclude any material that would reveal the identity of the author(s). The manuscript must by formatted as follows:
    1. INTRODUCTION (IN UPPER CASE for a level 1 heading).
    2 Main body of the paper, headed with appropriate section headings (in UPPER CASE as a level 1 heading, additional levels should be in lower case and italics to denote a sub-section/level 2 heading). Headings should capture the theme/scope/nature of the paper, the methodology or data and methods, the findings and discussion etc as appropriate.
    3. CONCLUSIONS
    4. REFERENCES
  5. Highlights: include 3 to 5 bullet points (maximum 85 characters, including spaces, per bullet point).

Where it is not possible to embed figures or tables in the manuscript text due to file-type or size reasons, an optionexists to include separate files for:
Figures: 1 file for all figures, presented in the order in which they appear in the manuscript, numbered and captioned. Include a page break between each figure in the file.
Tables: 1 file for all tables, presented in order, and numbered and captioned. Include a page break between each table in the file.

Declaration of interest:
Include a 'declaration of conflict of interest statement' as a separate file only for revised submissions.

Subdivision - numbered sections
Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not included in section numbering). Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line.

Introduction
State the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results.

Appendices
If there is more than one appendix, they should be identified as A, B, etc. Formulae and equations in appendices should be given separate numbering: Eq. (A.1), Eq. (A.2), etc.; in a subsequent appendix, Eq. (B.1) and so on. Similarly for tables and figures: Table A.1; Fig. A.1, etc.

Essential title page information

Title. Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.
Author names and affiliations. Please clearly indicate the given name(s) and family name(s) of each author and check that all names are accurately spelled. You can add your name between parentheses in your own script behind the English transliteration. Present the authors' affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name and, if available, the e-mail address of each author.
Corresponding author. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication. This responsibility includes answering any future queries about Methodology and Materials. Ensure that the e-mail address is given and that contact details are kept up to date by the corresponding author.
Present/permanent address. If an author has moved since the work described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a 'Present address' (or 'Permanent address') may be indicated as a footnote to that author's name. The address at which the author actually did the work must be retained as the main, affiliation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes.

Highlights

Highlights are mandatory for this journal as they help increase the discoverability of your article via search engines. They consist of a short collection of bullet points that capture the novel results of your research as well as new methods that were used during the study (if any). Please have a look at the example Highlights.

Highlights should be submitted in a separate editable file in the online submission system. Please use 'Highlights' in the file name and include 3 to 5 bullet points (maximum 85 characters, including spaces, per bullet point).

Abstract

A concise and factual abstract is required. The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.

Keywords

Immediately after the abstract, provide a maximum of 6 keywords, using American spelling and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, 'and', 'of'). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.

Formatting of funding sources
List funding sources in this standard way to facilitate compliance to funder's requirements:

Funding: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health [grant numbers xxxx, yyyy]; the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA [grant number zzzz]; and the United States Institutes of Peace [grant number aaaa].

It is not necessary to include detailed descriptions on the program or type of grants and awards. When funding is from a block grant or other resources available to a university, college, or other research institution, submit the name of the institute or organization that provided the funding.

If no funding has been provided for the research, it is recommended to include the following sentence:

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Footnotes
Footnotes should be used sparingly. Number them consecutively throughout the article. Many word processors build footnotes into the text, and this feature may be used. Should this not be the case, indicate the position of footnotes in the text and present the footnotes themselves separately at the end of the article.

Electronic artwork
General points
• Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.
• Preferred fonts: Arial (or Helvetica), Times New Roman (or Times), Symbol, Courier.
• Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.
• Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.
• Indicate per figure if it is a single, 1.5 or 2-column fitting image.
• For Word submissions only, you may still provide figures and their captions, and tables within a single file at the revision stage.
• Please note that individual figure files larger than 10 MB must be provided in separate source files.

A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available.
You are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here.
Formats
Regardless of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalized, please 'save as' or convert the images to one of the following formats (note the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below):
EPS (or PDF): Vector drawings. Embed the font or save the text as 'graphics'.
TIFF (or JPG): Color or grayscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.
TIFF (or JPG): Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi.
TIFF (or JPG): Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (color or grayscale): a minimum of 500 dpi is required.
Please do not:
• Supply files that are optimized for screen use (e.g., GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); the resolution is too low.
• Supply files that are too low in resolution.
• Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.

Color artwork
Please make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF (or JPEG), EPS (or PDF), or MS Office files) and with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable color figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in color online (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in color in the printed version. For color reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article. Please indicate your preference for color: in print or online only. Further information on the preparation of electronic artwork.

Figure captions
Ensure that each illustration has a caption. A caption should comprise a brief title (not on the figure itself) and a description of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used.

References

Reference links
Increased discoverability of research and high quality peer review are ensured by online links to the sources cited. In order to allow us to create links to abstracting and indexing services, such as Scopus, Crossref and PubMed, please ensure that data provided in the references are correct. Please note that incorrect surnames, journal/book titles, publication year and pagination may prevent link creation. When copying references, please be careful as they may already contain errors. Use of the DOI is highly encouraged.

A DOI is guaranteed never to change, so you can use it as a permanent link to any electronic article. An example of a citation using DOI for an article not yet in an issue is: VanDecar J.C., Russo R.M., James D.E., Ambeh W.B., Franke M. (2003). Aseismic continuation of the Lesser Antilles slab beneath northeastern Venezuela. Journal of Geophysical Research, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000884. Please note the format of such citations should be in the same style as all other references in the paper.

Data references
This journal encourages you to cite underlying or relevant datasets in your manuscript by citing them in your text and including a data reference in your Reference List. Data references should include the following elements: author name(s), dataset title, data repository, version (where available), year, and global persistent identifier. Add [dataset] immediately before the reference so we can properly identify it as a data reference. The [dataset] identifier will not appear in your published article.

Preprint references
Where a preprint has subsequently become available as a peer-reviewed publication, the formal publication should be used as the reference. If there are preprints that are central to your work or that cover crucial developments in the topic, but are not yet formally published, these may be referenced. Preprints should be clearly marked as such, for example by including the word preprint, or the name of the preprint server, as part of the reference. The preprint DOI should also be provided.

References in a special issue
Please ensure that the words 'this issue' are added to any references in the list (and any citations in the text) to other articles in the same Special Issue.

Reference management software
Most Elsevier journals have their reference template available in many of the most popular reference management software products. These include all products that support Citation Style Language styles, such as Mendeley. Using citation plug-ins from these products, authors only need to select the appropriate journal template when preparing their article, after which citations and bibliographies will be automatically formatted in the journal's style. If no template is yet available for this journal, please follow the format of the sample references and citations as shown in this Guide. If you use reference management software, please ensure that you remove all field codes before submitting the electronic manuscript. More information on how to remove field codes from different reference management software.

Reference formatting

Reference style
Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights follows the referencing style of the American Psychological Association (APA). For full guidelines please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (Fifth Edition), ISBN 1-55798-790-4.
  • Journal Article
    van der Duim, R. (2007). Tourismscapes: An actor-network perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 34, 961-976.
  • If a journal is paginated by issue please include its issue number as well:
    Hollinshead, K. (2006). The shift to constructivism in social enquiry: Some pointers for tourism studies. Tourism Recreation Research, 31(2), 43-58.
  • For multiple authors:
    Coles, T., Hall, C. M.,
  • Book
    Nash, D. (2007). The study of tourism: Anthropological and sociological beginnings. Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Edited Book
    Smith, M. K. &Robinson, M. (Eds.). (2006). Cultural tourism in a changing world: Politics, participation and (re)presentation. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
  • Chapter in Edited Book
    Hall, M. (2004). Reflexivity and tourism research: Situating myself and/with others. In J. Phillimore & L. Goodson (Eds.), Qualitative research in tourism: Ontologies, epistemologies and methodologies (pp. 137-155). London: Routledge.
  • More than one contribution by the same author
    Arrange in date order, including author name for each entry.
  • Author has two or more publications in the same year
    If an author has two or more publications in the same year, they are distinguished by placing a, b, etc. after the year. For example, 2008a or 2008b, and they are referred to accordingly in the text.
  • Doctoral Dissertation
    Sheldon, P. (1984). Economics of tour packaging. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Hawaii, United States.
  • Newspapers
    Haslam, C. (2008, November 16). One-third of Britain's beaches are contaminated. The Sunday Times Travel, p. 2.
  • Internet
    Urry, J. (2001). Globalising the Tourist Gaze. Retrieved November 15, 2008, from Lancaster University, Department of Sociology Web site: http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/sociology/papers/urry-globalising-the-tourist-gaze.pdf Oguro, M., Imahiro, S., Saito, S., Nakashizuka, T. (2015). Mortality data for Japanese oak wilt disease and surrounding forest compositions. Mendeley Data, v1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/xwj98nb39r.1.
  • Personal Communications
    These are not listed in the reference list (see above, under In-text citation).

Citation in text
The format for making citations in the text is as follows:
Single reference: ... Smith (2005) suggests that .... Or it is argued that ... (Smith, 2006). Multiple references: ... (Cohen, 2006; Harrison, 1999, 2005; Wilkinson, 2006). Please note that authors in this situation appear in alphabetical order. Also note the use of punctuation and spacing. Page numbers should be given when using specific points from a paper, including direct quotations or referring to a given part of it: ... (Dann, 2004, p. 44). This reference appears at the end of the quotation. Use double quotation marks to enclose quotations of less than 40 words. These are included in the running text. Longer quotations (40 words or longer) are presented as separate blocks of text, indented 1.3 cms on both margins, without quotation marks and ending with the reference: ... (2004, p. 37).
Multi-author sources:
Two authors: Cite both names throughout.
Three to five authors: When cited first in the paper, these should name all co-authors, for example (Smith, Brown, Johnson & Clark, 2005); thereafter, the last name of the first author, followed with et al. (Smith et al., 2005). Please note that et al. is followed by a period but is not italicised.
Works with six or more authors: Cite the surname of the first author followed by et al. for all citations. References to personal communication appear in c: ...

Supplementary material

Supplementary material such as applications, images and sound clips, can be published with your article to enhance it. Submitted supplementary items are published exactly as they are received (Excel or PowerPoint files will appear as such online). Please submit your material together with the article and supply a concise, descriptive caption for each supplementary file. If you wish to make changes to supplementary material during any stage of the process, please make sure to provide an updated file. Do not annotate any corrections on a previous version. Please switch off the 'Track Changes' option in Microsoft Office files as these will appear in the published version.

Research data

This journal encourages and enables you to share data that supports your research publication where appropriate, and enables you to interlink the data with your published articles. Research data refers to the results of observations or experimentation that validate research findings, which may also include software, code, models, algorithms, protocols, methods and other useful materials related to the project.

Below are a number of ways in which you can associate data with your article or make a statement about the availability of your data when submitting your manuscript. If you are sharing data in one of these ways, you are encouraged to cite the data in your manuscript and reference list. Please refer to the "References" section for more information about data citation. For more information on depositing, sharing and using research data and other relevant research materials, visit the research data page.

Data linking
If you have made your research data available in a data repository, you can link your article directly to the dataset. Elsevier collaborates with a number of repositories to link articles on ScienceDirect with relevant repositories, giving readers access to underlying data that gives them a better understanding of the research described.

There are different ways to link your datasets to your article. When available, you can directly link your dataset to your article by providing the relevant information in the submission system. For more information, visit the database linking page.

For supported data repositories a repository banner will automatically appear next to your published article on ScienceDirect.

In addition, you can link to relevant data or entities through identifiers within the text of your manuscript, using the following format: Database: xxxx (e.g., TAIR: AT1G01020; CCDC: 734053; PDB: 1XFN).

Research Elements

This journal enables you to publish research objects related to your original research – such as data, methods, protocols, software and hardware – as an additional paper in a Research Elements journal.

Research Elements is a suite of peer-reviewed, open access journals which make your research objects findable, accessible and reusable. Articles place research objects into context by providing detailed descriptions of objects and their application, and linking to the associated original research articles. Research Elements articles can be prepared by you, or by one of your collaborators.

During submission, you will be alerted to the opportunity to prepare and submit a manuscript to one of the Research Elements journals.

More information can be found on the Research Elements page.

Data statement
To foster transparency, we encourage you to state the availability of your data in your submission. This may be a requirement of your funding body or institution. If your data is unavailable to access or unsuitable to post, you will have the opportunity to indicate why during the submission process, for example by stating that the research data is confidential. The statement will appear with your published article on ScienceDirect. For more information, visit the Data Statement page.

After acceptance

Online proof correction

To ensure a fast publication process of the article, we kindly ask authors to provide us with their proof corrections within two days. Corresponding authors will receive an e-mail with a link to our online proofing system, allowing annotation and correction of proofs online. The environment is similar to MS Word: in addition to editing text, you can also comment on figures/tables and answer questions from the Copy Editor. Web-based proofing provides a faster and less error-prone process by allowing you to directly type your corrections, eliminating the potential introduction of errors.
If preferred, you can still choose to annotate and upload your edits on the PDF version. All instructions for proofing will be given in the e-mail we send to authors, including alternative methods to the online version and PDF.
We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately. Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the text, tables and figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission from the Editor. It is important to ensure that all corrections are sent back to us in one communication. Please check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequent corrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibility.

Author inquiries



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