Encyclopedia of Biodiversity Authors

Takuya Abe (deceased)
Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University
Kyoto, Japan
Isoptera

Joachim Adis
Max-Planck-Institute for Limnology
Plön, Germany
Arthropods (Terrestrial), Amazonian

Gregory H. Adler
University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh
Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA
Rainforest Ecosystems, Animal Diversity

Ross A. Alford
James Cook University
Townsville, Australia
Amphibians, Biodiversity of

Edith B. Allen
University of California, Riverside
Riverside, California, USA
Restoration, Characteristics and Requirements of

Michael F. Allen
University of California, Riverside
Riverside, California, USA
Restoration, Characteristics and Requirements of

Alfonso Alonso
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, DC, USA
Framework For Assessment and Monitoring of Biodiversity

Peter Alpert
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
Stewardship, Concept of

Miguel A. Altieri
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California, USA
Agriculture, Traditional

Sonia Altizer
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Diseases, Conservation and

Olof Andrén
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Uppsala, Sweden
Invertebrates, Terrestrial, Overview

Marcos A. Antezana
University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois, USA
Diversity, Molecular Level

Michael F. Antolin
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Genes, Description of

J. David Archibald
San Diego State University
San Diego, California, USA
Dinosaurs, Extinction Theories for

Mike Ashmore
University of Bradford
West Yorkshire, England, UK
Air Pollution

Amy T. Austin
Universidad de Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Temperate Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems

Jonathon Ballou
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, DC, USA
Inbreeding and Outbreeding

Robert Barbault
Institut Fédératif d'Ecologie Fondamentale et Appliqúee (CNRS-FR3)
Paris, France
Loss of Biodiversity, Overview

Richard T. Barber
Duke University
Beaufort, North Carolina, USA
Ocean Ecosystems

Todd J. Barkman
Pennsylvania State University
College Park, Pennsylvania, USA
Hemiparasitism

John A. Barone
Mississippi State University
Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
Defenses, Ecology of

Nicholas H. Barton
University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Differentiation

Sonia D. Batten
Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science
Plymouth, England, UK
Pelagic Ecosystems

Kamaljit S. Bawa
Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment
Bangalore, India
Logged Forests

F. A. Bazzaz
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Resource Partitioning

Karen H. Beard
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Conservation Efforts, Contemporary

John Beddington
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine
London, England, UK
Resource Exploitation, Fisheries

Barbara L. Bedford
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
Wetlands Ecosystems

Andrea Belgrano
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Stockholm, Sweden
Pelagic Ecosystems

Christopher A. Bell
University of Texas
Austin, Texas, USA
Vertebrates, Overview

Philip Benstead
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
Surrey, England, UK
Wetlands Restoration

Fikret Berkes
University of Manitoba
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Religious Traditions and Biodiversity

R. J. Berry
University College London
London, England, UK
Phenotype, A Historical Perspective on

Malcolm Beveridge
University of Stirling
Stirling, Scotland, UK
Aquaculture

William C. Black, IV
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Genes, Description of

Andrew R. Blaustein
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Ultraviolet Radiation

William Bond
University of Cape Town
Rondebosch, South Africa
Fires, Ecological Effects of

Cristina Bonilla-Warford
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Restoration of Biodiversity

Michael G. Booth
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Conservation Efforts, Contemporary

Elgene O. Box
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia, USA
Asia, Ecosystems of

Richard W. Braithwaite
CSIRO Tourism Research Program
Lyneham, Australia
Tourism, Role of

Susanne Brakmann
Max-Planck Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie
Göttingen-Nikolausberg, Germany
Origin of Life, Theories of

Rob Brooker
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology
Banchory Kinkardineshire, Scotland, UK
Arctic Ecosystems

Daniel R. Brooks
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Diversity, Organism Level

Brian V. Brown
Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
Los Angeles, California, USA
Flies, Gnats, and Mosquitoes
Insects, Overview


Joel S. Brown
University of Illinois
Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
Restoration, Characteristics and Requirements of

Robert Brownell
National Marine Fisheries Service
Seattle, Washington, USA
Marine Mammals, Extinctions of

JoAnn M. Burkholder
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Eutrophication/Oligotrophication

Guy L. Bush
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan, USA
Speciation, Process of

Philip J. Cafaro
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Environmental Ethics
Ethical Issues in Biodiversity Protection


Janine N. Caira
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut, USA
Worms, Platyhelminthes

John Cairns, Jr.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
Stress, Environmental

Terry V. Callaghan
University of Sheffield
Sheffield, England, UK
Arctic Ecosystems

James T. Carlton
Williams College - Mystic Seaport
Mystic, Connecticut, USA
Endangered Marine Invertebrates

Juan Carlos Castilla
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Santiago, Chile
Marine Ecosystems, Human Impact On

S. Catovsky
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Resource Partitioning

Neil Chalmers
Natural History Museum
London, England, UK
Museums and Institutions

M. G. Chapman
University of Sydney
Sydney, Australia
Intertidal Ecosystems

Brian Charlesworth
University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Population Genetics

Yuri Chernov
Severtzov Institute of Evolution
Moscow, Russia
Arctic Ecosystems

Peter Chesson
University of California, Davis
Davis, California, USA
Metapopulations

Ellen W. Chu
Northwest Environment Watch
Seattle, Washington, USA
Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of

Colin W. Clark
University of British Columbia
Richmond, British Columbia, Canada
Commons, Concept and Theory of

W. A. Clemens
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California, USA
Mammals (Pre-Quaternary), Extinctions of

Jonathan A. Coddington
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, DC, USA
Arachnids

Debra P. C. Coffin
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
Landscape Diversity

Johan Colding
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Stockholm, Sweden
Traditional Conservation Practices

David C. Coleman
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia, USA
Soil Biota, Systems and Processes

Phyllis D. Coley
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
Defenses, Ecology of

N. J. Collar
BirdLife International
Cambridge, England, UK
Endangered Birds

Robert K. Colwell
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut, USA
Arachnids

James A. Comiskey
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, DC, USA
Framework For Assessment and Monitoring of Biodiversity

Sean R. Connolly
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona, USA
Fossil Record

Edward F. Connor
San Francisco State University
San Francisco, California, USA
Species-Area Relationships

Peter Convey
British Antarctic Survey, National Environment Research Council
Cambridge, England, UK
Antarctic Ecosystems

Howard V. Cornell
University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware, USA
Diversity, Community/Regional Level

Alan P. Covich
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Energy Flow and Ecosystems

R. M. Cowling
University of Cape Town
Rondebosch, South Africa
Endemism

Paul Alan Cox
National Tropical Botanical Garden
Lawai, Hawaii, USA
Pharmacology, Biodiversity and

Catherine L. Craig
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Evolution, Theory of

Kevin Crooks
University of California, San Diego
San Diego, California, USA
Predators, Ecological Role of

David C. Culver
American University
Washington, DC, USA
Subterranean Ecosystems

Gretchen Daily
Stanford University
Stanford, California, USA
Ecosystem Services, Concept of

Francisco Dallmeier
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, DC, USA
Framework For Assessment and Monitoring of Biodiversity

Avinoam Danin
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Israel
Near East Ecosystems, Plant Diversity

Partha Dasgupta
University of Cambridge
Cambridge, England, UK
Economic Value of Biodiversity, Overview

Shamik Dasgupta
University College London
London, England, UK
Ecosystem Services, Concept of

Frank W. Davis
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, California, USA
Disturbance, Mechanisms of

F. A. A. M. De Leij
University of Surrey
Surrey, England, UK
Ecotoxicology

Ian Denholm
IACR - Rothamsted
Hertfordshire, England, UK
Insecticide Resistance

Claude W. dePamphilis
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
Hemiparasitism

Greg Devine
IACR - Rothamsted
Hertsfordshire, England, UK
Insecticide Resistance

Philip J. DeVries
Center for Biodiversity Studies, Milwaukee Public Museum
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
Butterflies

Mark Deyrup
Archbold Biological Station
Lake Placid, Florida, USA
Endangered Terrestrial Invertebrates

Sandra Díaz
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - CONICET
Córdoba, Argentina
Ecosystem Function Measurement, Terrestrial Communities

Rodolfo Dirzo
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mèxico
Mexico City, Mexico
Biodiversity-Rich Countries
Central America, Ecosystems of


Andrew P. Dobson
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Conservation Biology, Discipline of

Barbara S. Drausal
Universidad Nacional de Comahue and CONICET
Neuguen, Argentina
Edible Plants

Carlos M. Duarte
Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados
Esporles, Islas Baleares, Spain
Seagrass Ecosystems

Paul V. Dunlap
University of Maryland
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Microbial Biodiversity

Jennifer A. Dunne
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California, USA
Greenhouse Effect

Donald N. Duvick
Iowa State University
Johnston, Iowa, USA
Breeding of Plants

G. J. Eble
Santa Fe Institute
Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
Biodiversity, Origin of

Joan G. Ehrenfeld
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
Plant-Soil Interactions

Paul R. Ehrlich
Stanford University
Stanford, California, USA
Human Effects on Ecosystems, Overview

Brian Enquist
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
Plant Communities, Evolution of

Douglas H. Erwin
National Museum of Natural History
Washington, DC, USA
Mass Extinctions, Notable Examples of

Terry L. Erwin
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, DC, USA
Forest Canopies, Animal Diversity

James Estes
University of California, Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz, California, USA
Predators, Ecological Role of

Julian Evans
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of London
London, England, UK
Deforestation and Land Clearing

Timothy J. Fahey
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
Forest Ecology

Paul Falkowski
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
Biogeochemical Cycles

Kristian Fauchald
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, DC, USA
Worms, Annelida

Philip M. Fearnside
National Institute for Research in the Amazon (INPA)
Manaus, Brazil
South American Natural Ecosystems, Status of

Tom Fenchel
University of Copenhagen
Helsingør, Denmark
Microorganisms, Role of

Bland J. Finlay
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Windermere
Cumbria, England, UK
Protozoa

Carl Folke
Stockholm University
Stockholm, Sweden
Aquaculture
Traditional Conservation Practices


Peter L. Forey
Natural History Museum
London, England, UK
Cladistics

Johannes Foufopoulos
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Diseases, Conservation and

Richard Frankham
Macquarie University
North Ryde, Australia
Inbreeding and Outbreeding

Tess L. Freidenburg
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Keystone Species

Robert S. Fritz
Vassar College
Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
Plant Hybrids

Rainer Froese
International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management
Laguna, Philippines
Fish Stocks

Kazue Fujiwara
Yokohama National University
Yokohama, Japan
Asia, Ecosystems of

Douglas J. Futuyma
State University of New York, Stony Brook
Stony Brook, New York, USA
Coevolution

Madhav Gadgil
Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore, India
Poverty and Biodiversity

Andrea Gager
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Diseases, Conservation and

Kathleen A. Galvin
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Hunter-Gatherer Societies, Ecological Impact of

Carl Gans
University of Texas
Austin, Texas, USA
Vertebrates, Overview

Scott L. Gardner
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
Worms, Nematoda

Kevin J. Gaston
University of Sheffield
Sheffield, England, UK
Indicator Species

Alene Gelbard
Population Reference Bureau, Inc.
Washington, DC, USA
Population Stabilization (Human)

Leah Gerber
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, California, USA
Marine Mammals, Extinctions of

William H. Gerwick
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Plant Sources of Drugs and Chemicals

Jaboury Ghazoul
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of London
London, England, UK
Deforestation and Land Clearing

Michael J. Ghiselin
California Academy of Sciences
San Francisco, California, USA
Darwin, Charles

James P. Gibbs
State University of New York, Syracuse
Syracuse, New York, USA
Wetlands Ecosystems

Rosemary G. Gillespie
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California, USA
Adaptive Radiation

Joshua R. Ginsberg
Wildlife Conservation Society
Bronx, New York, USA
Mammals, Biodiversity of

Alexander N. Glazer
University of California Natural Reserve System
Oakland, California, USA
Natural Reserves and Preserves, Research and Training

H. C. J. Godfray
Imperial College at Silwood Park
Berkshire, England, UK
Parasitoids

Sergei I. Golovatch
Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow, Russia
Myriapods

Patrick Gonzalez
U.S. Agency for International Development
Washington, DC, USA
Energy Use, Human

Sarah C. Goslee
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
Landscape Diversity

John Grace
University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Carbon Cycle

J. Frederick Grassle
Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University
New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
Marine Ecosystems

Jeremy J. D. Greenwood
British Trust for Ornithology
Norfolk, England, UK
Birds, Biodiversity of

J. P. Grime
University of Sheffield
Sheffield, England, UK
Herbaceous Vegetation, Species Richness in

Louis J. Gross
Institute for Environmental Modeling, University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
Computer Systems and Models, Use of

J. Morgan Grove
U. S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service
Washington, DC, USA
Urban/Suburban Ecology

Mace A. Hack
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Migration

Nelson G. Hairston, Jr.
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
Diapause and Dormancy

Tim Halliday
The Open University
Milton Keynes, England, UK
Endangered Reptiles and Amphibians

Nathalie Hamel
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington, USA
Land-Use Issues

Susan S. Hanna
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Property Rights and Biodiversity

John Harte
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California, USA
Greenhouse Effect

Gary S. Hartshorn
Organization for Tropical Studies
Durham, North Carolina, USA
Tropical Forest Ecosystems

Gregg Hartvigsen
State University of New York, Geneseo
Geneseo, New York, USA
Biodiversity, Evolution and
Carrying Capacity, Concept of


Paul H. Harvey
University of Oxford
Oxford, England, UK
Biodiversity Generation, Overview

Richard R. Harwood
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan, USA
Agriculture, Sustainable

John Haskell
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
Plant Communities, Evolution of

Alan Hastings
University of California, Davis
Davis, California, USA
Population Dynamics

Stefan Hauser
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
Croydon, England, UK
Slash and Burn Farming, Effects of

David L. Hawksworth
MycoNova
London, England, UK
Nomenclature, Systems of

Mark Hay
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Grazing, Effects of

Geoffrey Heal
Columbia University
New York, New York, USA
Biodiversity as a Commodity

Gene S. Helfman
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia, USA
Fish, Biodiversity of

Joseph Heller
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Israel
Near East Ecosystems, Animal Diversity

Jessica J. Hellmann
Stanford University
Stanford, California, USA
Species Interactions (Nonhuman)

Paul Henderson
Natural History Museum
London, England, UK
Museums and Institutions

George R. Hendrey
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, New York, USA
Acid Rain and Depositions

Henry A. Hespenheide
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California, USA
Beetles

Masahiko Higashi (deceased)
Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University
Kyoto, Japan
Isoptera

Robert S. Hill
University of Adelaide
North Terrace, Australia
Southern South America and Other Austral Ecosystems

Peter J. Hogarth
University of York
York, England, UK
Mangrove Ecosystems

Hope Hollocher
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Speciation, Theories of

Jodie S. Holt
University of California, Riverside
Riverside, California, USA
Herbicides

Robert D. Holt
Museum of Natural History and Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas, USA
Predators, Ecological Role of
Species Coexistence


Tamara L. Horton
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Nucleic Acid Biodiversity

Francis G. Howarth
Bishop Museum
Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
Adaptive Radiation

Robert W. Howarth
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
Nitrogen and Nitrogen Cycle

William Howarth
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Literary Perspectives on Biodiversity

Jennifer B. Hughes
Stanford University
Stanford, California, USA
Population Diversity, Overview

Christopher J. Humphries
Natural History Museum
London, England, UK
Cladogenesis
Vicariance Biogeography


Gary R. Huxel
University of California, Davis
Davis, California, USA
Food Webs

David W. Inouye
University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland, USA
Pollinators, Role of

Pamela Jagger
Resources for the Future
Washington, DC, USA
Market Economy and Biodiversity

Daniel H. Janzen
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Latent Extinctions: The Living Dead

Paul C. Jepson
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Pesticides, Use and Effects of

Christopher N. Johnson
James Cook University
Townsville, Australia
Natural Extinction (Not Human-Influenced)

Mara J. Johnson
University of California, Davis
Davis, California, USA
Microbial Biodiversity, Measurement of

Norman F. Johnson
Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio, USA
Hymenoptera

Paul José
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
Surrey, England, UK
Wetlands Restoration

Ronen Kadmon
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Israel
Remote Sensing and Image Processing

Peter Kareiva
National Marine Fisheries Service
Seattle, Washington, USA
Ecology, Concept and Theories in
Salmon


James R. Karr
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington, USA
Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of

J. Boone Kauffman
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Range Ecology, Global Livestock Influences

Nils Kautsky
Stockholm University and Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Stockholm, Sweden
Aquaculture

Seppo Kellomäki
University of Joensuu
Joensuu, Finland
Timber Industry

Cynthia Kicklighter
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Grazing, Effects of

A. Ross Kiester
U. S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Species Diversity, Overview

Ann P. Kinzig
Arizona State University
Tempe, Arizona, USA
Urban/Suburban Ecology

Ian J. Kitching
Natural History Museum
London, England, UK
Cladistics

William R. Konstant
Conservation International
Washington, DC, USA
Primate Populations, Conservation of

Abraham B. Korol
University of Haifa
Haifa, Israel
Recombination

Jari Kouki
University of Joensuu
Joensuu, Finland
Timber Industry

Claire Kremen
Stanford University
Stanford, California, USA
Human Effects on Ecosystems, Overview

Hans Kruuk
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology
Banchory Kinkardineshire, Scotland, UK
Carnivores

Christian Körner
University of Basel
Basel, Switzerland
Alpine Ecosystems

P. Sam Lake
Monash University
Melbourne, Australia
Invertebrates, Freshwater, Overview

David Lamb
University of Queensland
Brisbane, Australia
Reforestation

P. J. D. Lambshead
Natural History Musuem
London, England, UK
Invertebrates, Marine, Overview

Laura F. Landweber
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Nucleic Acid Biodiversity

John H. Lawton
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine
London, England, UK
Indicator Species

Martin J. Lechowicz
McGill University
Montréal, Québec, Canada
North America, Patterns of Biodiversity in

Kai N. Lee
Williams College
Williamstown, Massachusetts, USA
Sustainability, Concept and Practice of

William G. Lee
Landcare Research
Dunedin, New Zealand
Introduced Plants, Negative Effects of

Clarence L. Lehman
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
Stability, Concept of

John T. Lehman
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Ecosystem Function Measurement, Aquatic and Marine Communities

Egbert Giles Leigh, Jr.
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Washington, DC, USA
Mutualism, Evolution of

Wade Leitner
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona, USA
Measurement and Analysis of Biodiversity

Donald J. Leopold
State University of New York, Syracuse
Syracuse, New York, USA
Wetlands Ecosystems

Christian Lévêque
Institut de Recherche pour la Developpement
Paris, France
Lake and Pond Ecosystems

Jeffrey S. Levinton
State University of New York, Stony Brook
Stony Brook, New York, USA
Extinction, Rates of

André Levy
State University of New York, Stony Brook
Stony Brook, New York, USA
Coevolution

K. E. Limburg
State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Syracuse, New York, USA
River Ecosystems

David R. Lindberg
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California, USA
Molluscs

David B. Lindenmayer
Australian National University
Canberra, Australia
Population Viability Analysis (PVA)

Roberto Lindig-Cisneros
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Restoration of Biodiversity

Simon H. Linington
Royal Botanic Gardens
Surrey, England, UK
Gene Banks

Timothy J. Littlewood
Natural History Museum
London, England, UK
Worms, Platyhelminthes

J. M. Lock
Royal Botanic Gardens
Surrey, England, UK
Africa, Ecosystems of

Mark V. Lomolino
Oklahoma Biological Survey, Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory and University of Oklahoma
Norman, Oklahoma, USA
Biogeography, Overview

Gábor L. Lövei
Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
Slagelse, Denmark
Extinctions, Modern Examples of

Anna Marie Lyles
Medarex, Inc.
Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Zoos and Zoological Parks

J. M. Lynch
University of Surrey
Surrey, England, UK
Ecotoxicology

Jennifer L. Macalady
University of California, Davis
Davis, California, USA
Microbial Biodiversity, Measurement of

Carlos A. Machado
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
Diversity, Molecular Level

James A. MacMahon
Utah State University
Logan, Utah, USA
Desert Ecosystems

Shirley M. Malcom
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Washington, DC, USA
Education, Biodiversity and

Karl-Göran Mäler
Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics
Stockholm, Sweden
Economic Growth and the Environment

James Mallet
University College London
London, England, UK
Species, Concept(s) of
Subspecies, Semispecies


Lynn Margulis
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
Eukaryotes, Origin of

Brian Marquez
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Plant Sources of Drugs and Chemicals

Gary J. Martin
Global Diversity Foundation
Marrakech-Medina, Morocco
Ethnobiology and Ethnoecology

Paul S. Martin
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona, USA
Mammals (Late Quaternary), Extinctions of

Michelle Marvier
Santa Clara University
Santa Clara, California, USA
Ecology, Concept and Theories in

John M. Marzluff
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington, USA
Land-Use Issues

Nicolás Mateo
Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica
Bioprospecting

Nadya Matveyeva
Komarov Botanical Institute
St. Petersburg, Russia
Arctic Ecosystems

Mike Maunder
Royal Botanic Gardens
Surrey, England, UK
Plant Conservation, Overview

Nigel Maxted
University of Birmingham
Birmingham, England, UK
Ex Situ, In Situ Conservation

Brian H. McArdle
University of Auckland
Auckland, New Zealand
Population Density

Michael A. McCarthy
Australian National University
Canberra, Australia
Population Viability Analysis (PVA)

Earl D. McCoy
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida, USA
Species-Area Relationships

Keith R. McDonald
Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service
Townsville, Australia
Amphibians, Biodiversity of

Anton McLachlan
Sultan Qaboos University
Al-Khodh, Oman
Coastal Beach Ecosystems

Jeffrey A. McNeely
IUCN - The World Conservation Union
Gland, Switzerland
Social and Cultural Factors

Robin Meadows
National Association of Science Writers
Greenlawn, New York, USA
Captive Breeding and Reintroduction

Curt Meine
International Crane Foundation
Baraboo, Wisconsin, USA
Conservation Movement, Historical

Robert Mendelsohn
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Economic Value of Biodiversity, Measurements of

Bruce A. Menge
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Keystone Species

Mark C. Merwin
Evergreen State College
Olympia, Washington, USA
Forest Canopies, Plant Diversity

Ken Milligan
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Plant Sources of Drugs and Chemicals

E. J. Milner-Gulland
Imperial College London
London, England, UK
Mammals, Conservation Efforts for

Alessandro Minelli
University of Padova
Padova, Italy
Myriapods

Russell A. Mittermeier
Conservation International
Washington, DC, USA
Primate Populations, Conservation of

John C. Moore
University of Northern Colorado
Greeley, Colorado, USA
Diversity, Taxonomic Versus Functional

Richard Y. Morita
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Psychrophiles

Max Moritz
California Polytechnic University
San Luis Obispo, California, USA
Disturbance, Mechanisms of

Craig L. Moyer
Western Washington University
Bellingham, Washington, USA
Psychrophiles

Ladislav Mucina
University of Stellenbosch
Stellenbosch, South Africa
Europe, Ecosystems of

Dieter Mueller-Dombois
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
Island Biogeography

Norman Myers
Oxford University
Oxford, England, UK
Hotspots

Werner Nader
Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica
Bioprospecting

Nalini M. Nadkarni
Evergreen State College
Olympia, Washington, USA
Forest Canopies, Plant Diversity

Shahid Naeem
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington, USA
Complexity Versus Diversity

Piotr Naskrecki
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut, USA
Grasshoppers and Their Relatives

Ran Nathan
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Dispersal Biogeography

Eviatar Nevo
University of Haifa
Haifa, Israel
Genetic Diversity

M. E. J. Newman
Santa Fe Institute
Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
Biodiversity, Origin of

Raymond C. Nias
World Wide Fund for Nature
Sydney, Australia
Endangered Ecosystems

Jurgen Nieder
Botanisches Institut der Universität Bonn
Bonn, Germany
Forest Canopies, Plant Diversity

Pekka Niemelä
University of Joensuu
Joensuu, Finland
Timber Industry

Karl J. Niklas
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
Plant Communities, Evolution of

Kevin C. Nixon
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
Phylogeny

Ian Noble
Australian National University
Canberra, Australia
Terrestrial Ecosystems

Lindsey Norgrove
King's College London
London, England, UK
Slash and Burn Farming, Effects of

David R. Notter
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
Breeding of Animals

Beate Nürnberger
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Munich, Germany
Ecological Genetics

Jennifer L. O'Hara
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Conservation Efforts, Contemporary

Eugene P. Odum
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia, USA
Ecosystem, Concept of

Gordon H. Orians
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington, USA
Aesthetic Factors

Elinor Ostrom
Indiana University
Bloomington, Indiana, USA
Commons, Institutional Diversity of

Margaret A. Palmer
University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland, USA
Invertebrates, Freshwater, Overview

Daniel Pauly
Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Fish Stocks

Heli Peltola
University of Joensuu
Joensuu, Finland
Timber Industry

Kenneth Petren
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Habitat and Niche, Concept of

David Pimentel
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
Agricultural Invasions

Prabhu Pingali
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Lisboa, Mexico
Agriculture, Industrialized

Gary A. Polis (deceased)
University of California, Davis
Davis, California, USA
Food Webs

Caroline M. Pond
The Open University
Milton Keynes, England, UK
Storage, Ecology of

Dorota L. Porazinska
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Soil Conservation

James W. Porter
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia, USA
Reef Ecosystems

Hugh P. Possingham
University of Adelaide
St. Lucia, Australia
Population Viability Analysis (PVA)

F. Harvey Pough
Arizona State University West
Glendale, Arizona, USA
Reptiles, Biodiversity of

Alison G. Power
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
Ecology of Agriculture

Thomas O. Powers
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
Worms, Nematoda

Ghillean Prance
Royal Botanic Gardens
Surrey, England, UK
Amazon Ecosystems

Richard B. Primack
Boston University
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Environmental Ethics
Ethical Issues in Biodiversity Protection
Extinction, Causes of


Jurgenne Primavera
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Bangkok, Thailand
Aquaculture

Hugh W. Pritchard
Royal Botanic Gardens
Surrey, England, UK
Gene Banks

David Pyke
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Range Ecology, Global Livestock Influences

Oliver Rackham
University of Cambridge
Cambridge, England, UK
Land-Use Patterns, Historic

Nishanta Rajakaruna
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Plant Biodiversity, Overview

Katherine Ralls
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, DC, USA
Captive Breeding and Reintroduction
Inbreeding and Outbreeding


Eduardo H. Rapoport
Universidad Nacional de Comahue and CONICET
Bariloche, Argentina
Edible Plants

John A. Raven
University of Dundee
Dundee, Scotland, UK
Photosynthesis, Mechanisms of

G. Carleton Ray
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
Estuarine Ecosystems

Majorie L. Reaka-Kudla
University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland, USA
Crustaceans

William E. Rees
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Ecological Footprint, Concept of

Philip C. Reid
Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science
Plymouth, England, UK
Pelagic Ecosystems

C. S. Reynolds
Institute of Freshwater Ecology
Cumbria, England, UK
Plankton, Status and Role of

James F. Reynolds
Duke University
Durham, North Carolina, USA
Desertification

Anna-Louise Reysenbach
Portland State University
Portland, Oregon, USA
Thermophiles, Origin of

Stephen J. Richards
Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service
Brisbane, Australia
Amphibians, Biodiversity of

David M. Richardson
University of Cape Town
Rondebosch, South Africa
Plant Invasions

Margaret L. Rising
Portland State University
Portland, Oregon, USA
Thermophiles, Origin of

G. Phillip Robertson
Michigan State University
Hickory Corners, Michigan, USA
Agriculture, Sustainable

Scott K. Robinson
University of Illinois
Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
Nest Parasitism

George Roderick
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California, USA
Adaptive Radiation

Jon Paul Rodriguez
Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas
Caracas, Venezuela
Conservation Biology, Discipline of

Derek Roff
McGill University
Montréal, Québec, Canada
Life History, Evolution of

Klaus Rohde
University of New England
Armidale, Australia
Parasitism

Patrik Rönnbäck
Stockholm University and Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Stockholm, Sweden
Aquaculture

Richard B. Root
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
Guilds

Terry L. Root
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Climate Change and Ecology, Synergism of

Michael R. Rose
University of California, Irvine
Irvine, California, USA
Adaptation

Stephen I. Rothstein
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, California, USA
Nest Parasitism

Stephen Roxburgh
Australian National University
Canberra, Australia
Terrestrial Ecosystems

Daniel I. Rubenstein
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Migration
Social Behavior


Philip W. Rundel
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California, USA
Mediterranean-Climate Ecosystems

Carl Safina
National Audubon Society
Islip, New York, USA
Fish Conservation

Dorion Sagan
Sciencewriters, Inc.
Amherst, Massachusetts
Eukaryotes, Origin of

Rowan F. Sage
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
C4 Plants

Osvaldo E. Sala
Universidad de Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Temperate Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems

David Saltz
Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Beersheva, Israel
Wildlife Management

Kaj Sand-Jensen
University of Copenhagen
Hillerod, Denmark
Freshwater Ecosystems, Human Impact On

José A. Sarukhán
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mèxico
Mexico City, Mexico
Biodiversity-Rich Countries

Kathryn A. Saterson
Brandywine Conservancy
Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, USA
Government Legislation and Regulation

Carl W. Schaefer
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut, USA
True Bugs and Their Relatives

P. H. Schalk
University of Amsterdam
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Invertebrates, Marine, Overview

Michael H. Schiewe
National Marine Fisheries Service
Seattle, Washington, USA
Salmon

Oswald J. Schmitz
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Conservation Efforts, Contemporary

David Clayton Schneider
Memorial University of Newfoundland
St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
Scale, Concept and Effect of

Stephen H. Schneider
Stanford University
Stanford, California, USA
Climate Change and Ecology, Synergism of

Egbert Schwartz
University of California, Davis
Davis, California, USA
Microbial Biodiversity, Measurement of

Kate M. Scow
University of California, Davis
Davis, California, USA
Microbial Biodiversity, Measurement of

Reinmar Seidler
University of Massachusetts
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Logged Forests

Nareny Sengsavanh
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Ultraviolet Radiation

J. John Sepkoski, Jr. (deceased)
University of Chicago
Warwick, Rhode Island, USA
Mass Extinctions, Concept of

Jonathan H. Sharp
University of Delaware
Lewes, Delaware, USA
Marine and Aquatic Communities, Stress From Eutrophication

Bryan Shorrocks
University of Leeds
Leeds, England, UK
Competition, Interspecific

H. H. Shugart
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
Succession, Phenomenon of

John A. Silander, Jr.
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut, USA
Temperate Forests

Daniel Simberloff
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
Introduced Species, Effect and Distribution

Ellen L. Simms
University of California Botanical Garden
Berkeley, California, USA
Plant-Animal Interactions

R. David Simpson
Resources for the Future
Washington, DC, USA
Market Economy and Biodiversity

K. D. Singh
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Rainforest Loss and Change

L. B. Slobodkin
State University of New York, Stony Brook
Stony Brook, New York, USA
Limits To Biodiversity (Species Packing)

Melinda Smale
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Mexico City, Mexico
Agriculture, Industrialized

David Smith
University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland, USA
Hemiparasitism

William H. Smith
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Pollution, Overview

Paul V. R. Snelgrove
Memorial University of Newfoundland
St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
Marine Sediments

Luis A. Solorzano
Woods Hole Research Center
Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
South America, Ecosystems of

Alison Specht
Southern Cross University
Lismore, Australia
Australia, Ecosystems of

Raymond L. Specht
University of Queensland
St. Lucia, Australia
Australia, Ecosystems of

Leslie E. Sponsel
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
Human Impact on Biodiversity, Overview

Erko Stackebrandt
Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH
Braunschweig, Germany
Bacterial Biodiversity

Robert S. Steneck
University of Maine
Walpole, Maine, USA
Functional Groups

Thomas J. Stohlgren
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Endangered Plants

David L. Strayer
Institute of Ecosystem Studies
Millbrook, New York, USA
Endangered Freshwater Invertebrates
River Ecosystems


D. P. Swaney
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
River Ecosystems

Ian R. Swingland
Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology
Kent, England, UK
Biodiversity, Definition of Term

David Takacs
California State University, Monterey Bay
Seaside, California, USA
Historical Awareness of Biodiversity

Giselle Tamayo
Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica
Bioprospecting

Sandy L. Tartowski
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
Nitrogen and Nitrogen Cycle

Bruce Tiffney
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
Plant Communities, Evolution of

David Tilman
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
Functional Diversity

Victor M. Toledo
National University of Mexico
Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
Indigenous Peoples, Biodiversity and

Lik Tong Tan
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Plant Sources of Drugs and Chemicals

Jennifer I. Tougas
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia, USA
Reef Ecosystems

Michael Travisano
University of Houston
Houston, Texas, USA
Bacterial Genetics

Max Troell
Stockholm University and Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Stockholm, Sweden
Aquaculture

Andreas Troumbis
University of the Aegean
Lesbos, Greece
Cattle, Sheep, and Goats, Ecological Role of

Roy Turkington
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Boreal Forest Ecosystems

I. M. Turner
Singapore Botanic Gardens
Singapore
Rainforest Ecosystems, Plant Diversity

Will Turner
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona, USA
Measurement and Analysis of Biodiversity

A. J. Underwood
University of Sydney
Sydney, Australia
Intertidal Ecosystems

James W. Valentine
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California, USA
Geologic Time, History of Biodiversity in

Cindy Lee Van Dover
College of William and Mary
Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
Vents

Glenn VanBlaricom
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington, USA
Marine Mammals, Extinctions of

R. I. Vane-Wright
Natural History Museum
London, England, UK
Taxonomy, Methods of

Giorgini Augusto Venturieri
Federal University of Santa Catarina
Santa Catarina, Brazil
Crop Improvement and Biodiversity

Constantino Vetriani
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
Archaea, Origin of

Ross A. Virginia
Dartmouth College
Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
Ecosystem Function, Principles of

LucÌa Vivanco
Universidad de Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Temperate Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems

Kristiina A. Vogt
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Conservation Efforts, Contemporary

Thomas J. Volk
University of Wisconsin, LaCrosse
LaCrosse, Wisconsin, USA
Fungi

David L. Wagner
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut, USA
Moths

Diana H. Wall
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Ecosystem Function, Principles of
Soil Conservation


Thompson Webb, III
Brown University
Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Paleoecology

Peter Weston
Royal Botanic Gardens
Surrey, England, UK
Southern South America and Other Austral Ecosystems

Robert G. Wetzel
University of Alabama
Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
Freshwater Ecosystems

Quentin D. Wheeler
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
Systematics, Overview

Jeannette Whitton
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Plant Biodiversity, Overview

Richard G. Wiegert
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia, USA
High-Temperature Ecosystems

David M. Williams
Natural History Museum
London, England, UK
Cladistics

Paul Williams
Natural History Museum
London, England, UK
Complementarity

Thomas Williamson
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Plant Sources of Drugs and Chemicals

Michael R. Willig
Texas Tech University
Lubbock, Texas, USA
Latitude, Common Trends Within

A. Wiseman
University of Surrey
Surrey, England, UK
Ecotoxicology

Isa Woo
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Restoration of Biodiversity

R. Woodroffe
University of Warwick
Warwick, England, UK
Mammals, Conservation Efforts for

David S. Woodruff
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla, California, USA
Populations, Species and Conservation Genetics

F. I. Woodward
University of Sheffield
Sheffield, England, UK
Climate, Effects of

Donald J. Wuebbles
University of Illinois
Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
Atmospheric Gases (Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Chlorine, etc.)

Peter Yodzis
University of Guelph
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Trophic Levels

Peter Zahler
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
Endangered Mammals

Joy B. Zedler
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Restoration of Biodiversity

Daniel Zohary
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Israel
Domestication of Crop Plants