Chapter 0 Introduction [0-1] Introduction. [0-2] Qualitative judgments and sciences. [0-3] Outline of this book.PART A A Differential Approach to Solution Thermodynamics.Chapter I. Basics of thermodynamics – Derivatives of Gibbs energy, G. [I-1] System, state, first and second laws of thermodynamics. [I-2] Giles’ derivation of entropy. [I-2-1] State, process, and irreversibility of process. [I-2-2] Entropy and potentials – defining p and T. [I-3] Logical (mathematical) deduction. [I-4] Stability criteria. [I-5] Multi-component system – Partial molar quantities. [I-6] Excess quantities. [I-7] Response functions. [I-8] Thermodynamic quantities – order of derivative. [I-9] Interaction functions – third derivatives.Chapter II. Solution thermodynamics – Use of the second and the third derivatives of G. [II-1] Mixture. [II-2] Gibbs-Duhem relation. [II-3] Vapor pressures. [II-4] Raoult’s law and Henry’s law. [II-5] Process of mixing – mixing entropy. [II-6] Conversion from ( , ) to ( , N) variable systems.[II-7] Interaction functions due to the ideal mixing entropy. [II-8] Phase separation – Critical point (UCST or LCST). [II-9] Azeotrope.Chapter III. Determination of the partial molar quantities. [III-1] Introduction. [III-2] Calculation of from . [III-3] Experimental determination of excess partial molar enthalpy [III-4] Experimental determination of excess partial molar volume. [III-5] Excess partial molar entropy – excess chemical potential. [III-6] Boissonnas analysis – excess chemical potential. [III-7] Partial pressures of 1-propanol(1P) – H2O: How to deal with an azeotrope.Chapter IV Fluctuations and partial molar fluctuations – Understanding H2O.[IV-1] Introduction.[IV-2] Fluctuation functions – coarse grain.[IV-3] H2O vs. n-hexane.[IV-4] Site-correlated percolation model of H2O.[IV-5] Concentration fluctuation and Kirkwood-Buff integral.PART B Studies of Aqueous Solutions using the Second and the Third Derivatives of G.Chapter V Mixing schemes in binary aqueous mono-ols. [V-1] Mixing schemes in 2-butoxyethanol (BE) – H2O. [V-2] Mixing schemes of other mono-ols (AL) – H2O. [V-3] Fluctuation functions – More about Mixing Scheme I [V-4] Concentration fluctuations – Mixing Scheme II. [V-5] Mixing Scheme III – Second and third derivative quantities in the alcohol-rich region.[V-6] Mixing schemes of aqueous alcohols (AL) studied by other techniques.Chapter VI. Mixing schemes in aqueous solutions of non-electrolytes. [VI-1] Introduction.[VI-2] Type (a) – Aqueous solutions of iso-butoxyethanol (iBE) at 20 oC and acetonitrile (ACN) at 6 to 45 oC. [VI-3] Type (d) – Aqueous solutions of glycerol (Gly), acetone (AC), 1,3-propanediol (13P), and tetramethyl urea (TMU). [VI-4] Type (b) – Aqueous solutions of iso-butyric acid (IBA), and 2-butanone (BUT). [VI-5] Type (c) – Aqueous solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 1,2-propanediol (12P). [VI-6] Mixing schemes of aqueous non-electrolytes studied by other techniques.Chapter VII. Effects of non-electrolytes on the molecular organization of H2O:1-Propanol (1P) probing methodology. [VII-1] Introduction - 1-Propanol (1P) probing methodology. [VII-2] Effects of methanol (ME), 2-propanol (2P), and tert-butanol (TBA) on H2O as probed by the pattern change. [VII-3] Effects of urea (U), tetrtamethyl urea (TMU) and acetone (AC) on H2O as probed by the pattern change. [VII-4] Effects of ethylene glycol (EG), 1,2- and 1,3- propanediol (12P and 13P), glycerol (Gly), and poly(ethylene glycol) on H2O as probed by the pattern change. [VII-5] Concluding remarks-Summary.Chapter VIII Effects of ions on the molecular organization of H2O: 1-Propanol (1P) probing methodology.[VIII-1] Introduction – Hofmeister series.[VIII-2] Effects of NaF and NaCl on H2O as probed by the pattern change.[VIII-3] Effects of NaBr and NaI on H2O as probed by the pattern change.[VIII-4] Effects of Na2SO4, NaOOCCH3(NaOAc), NaClO4, and NaSCN on H2O as probed by the pattern change.[VIII-5] Effects of CaCl2, NH4Cl and tetramethyl ammonium chloride (TMACl) on H2O as probed by the pattern change.[VIII-6] Hydration numbers of glycine and its slats as probed by the pattern change.[VIII-7] Concluding remarks in relation to other studies on aqueous electrolytes in the literature. [VIII-7-1] Ion pairing. [VIII-7-2] Hydration number, . [VIII-7-3] Hofmeister series.Chapter IX Interactions in ternary aqueous solutions – General treatment. [IX-1] Introduction. [IX-2] Solute-solute interactions in tert-butanol (TBA) – dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) – H2O. [IX-3] Solute-solute interactions in 2-butoxyethanol (BE) – dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) – H2O. Chapter X In closing – Executive summary on the effect of solute on H2O.Appendix A B-spline vs. manual graphical differentiation.Appendix B Gibbs-Konovalov correction.Appendix C Heat capacity anomalies associated with phase transition – Two level approximation. Appendix D Freezing point depression.Appendix E Titration calorimetry with dilute titrant.References.