Small-Format Aerial Photography

Part I

Chapter 1: Introduction to small-format aerial photography

1-1. Overview

1-2. Brief history

1-2.1. 19th century

1-2.2. 20th century

1-3. Photography and imagery

1-4. Conventional aerial photography

1-5. Small-format aerial photography

1-6. Summary

Chapter 2: Basic principles of SFAP

2-1. Remote sensing

2-1.1. Ideal remote sensing

2-1.2. Actual SFAP

2-2. Common aspects of SFAP

2-2.1. Image vantage

2-2.2. Photographic scale and resolution

2-2.3. Relief displacement

2-2.4. Stereoscopic images

2-3. Photographic storage

2-4. Summary

Chapter 3: Photogrammetry

3-1. Introduction

3-2. Geometry of single photographs

3-2.1. Vertical photography

3-2.2. Tilted photography

3-2.3. Interior orientation

3-2.4. Exterior orientation

3-3. Geometry of stereophotographs

3-3.1. Principle of stereoscopic viewing

3-3.2. Base-height ratio and stereoscopic coverage

3-3.3. 3D measurements from stereomodels

3-3.4. Creating stereomodels with aerial triangulation by bundle-block adjustment

3-4. Quantitative analysis of photographs

3-4.1. Measuring and mapping from single photographs

3-4.2. Manual measuring and mapping from stereomodels

3-4.3. Automatic DEM extraction from stereomodels

3-5. Summary

Chapter 4: Lighting and atmospheric conditions

4-1. Introduction

4-2. Multiview-angle effects

4-3. Bidirectional reflectance distribution function

4-4. Multispectral effects

4-5. Latitude and seasonal conditions

4-6. Clouds

4-7. Shadows

4-8. Summary

Chapter 5: Photographic composition

5-1. Introduction

5-2. Basic elements of photographic composition

5-2.1. Oblique and vertical views

5-2.2. Linear features

5-2.3. Image depth

5-2.4. Pattern and texture

5-2.5. Color

5-3. Combining compositional elements

5-4. Photographs vs. human vision

5.5. Summary

Part II

Chapter 6: Cameras for SFAP

6-1. Introduction

6-2. Film camera basics

6-3. Digital camera basics

6-3.1. Types of digital cameras

6-3.2. Image sensors

6-3.3. Image file formats

6-4. Camera geometry and light

6-4.1. Focal length

6-4.2. Lens aperture

6-4.3. Shutter speed

6-4.4. Film speed or ISO rating

6-4.5. Camera exposure settings

6-4.6. Image degradation

6-5. Color-infrared photography

6-6. Camera capabilities for SFAP

6-6.1. Camera lens

6-6.2. Image sensor

6-6.3. File format

6-6.4. Camera type

6-6.5. Camera calibration

6-7. Summary

Chapter 7: Camera mounting systems

7-1. Introduction

7-2. Camera operation

7-3. Detachable mounts

7-3.1. Single-camera suspended rigs

7-3.2. Multiple-camera suspended rigs

7-3.3. Attaching suspendable mounts to a platform

7-3.4. Detactable modular unit mounts

7-4. Fixed mounts

7-5. Summary

Chapter 8: Platforms for SFAP

8-1. Introduction

8-2. Manned light-sport aircraft

8-2.1. Powered light-sport aircraft

8-2.2. Unpowered light-sport aircraft

8-3. Lighter-than-air platforms

8-3.1. Lifting gases

8-3.2. Helium blimp

8-3.3. Hot-air blimp

8-4. Kite aerial photography

8-4.1. Kites for SFAP

8-4.2. Kite-flying equipment

8-4.3. Ground operations

8-5. Drones for SFAP

8-5.1. Basic model airplane

8-5.2. Autopiloted model airplane

8-5.3. Powered paraglider

8-6. Pros and cons of different platforms

8-7. Summary

Chapter 9: SFAP survey planning and implementation

9-1. Introduction

9-2. Travel and equipment logistics

9-3. Site accessibility and characteristics

9-3.1. Local site accessibility

9-3.2. Flight obstacles

9-3.3. Local wind conditions

9-3.4. High-altitude SFAP

9-4. Ground Control

9-4.1. GCP installation

9-4.2. GCP coordinate measurement

9-5. Flight planning considerations

9-5.1. Image scale and resolution

9-5.2. Stereoscopic and large-area coverage

9-6. Flight planning example

9-6.1. Initial calculations: Complete coverage with single image

9-6.2. Revised calulations: Optimal image resolution

9-6.3. Consequences for aerial survey design

9-6.4. Ideal flightline calculation

9-7. Flight planning for oblique SFAP

9-8. Legal issues

9-8.1. German regulations

9-8.2. Regulations in the U.S. and other countries

9-8.3. Insurance

9-9. Summary

Chapter 10. Image interpretation

10-1. Introduction

10-2. Image interpretability

10-3. SFAP interpretation

10-3.1. Water and drainage

10-3.2. Geomorphology

10-3.3. Vegetation and agriculture

10-3.4. Cultural heritage and archaeology

10-3.5. Soils

10-4. Summary

Chapter 11: Image processing and analysis

11-1. Introduction

11-2. Geometric correction and georeferencing

11-2.1. Reference coordinate systems

11-2.2. Image rectification

11-2.3. Image mosaics

11-3. Image enhancement

11-3.1. Correcting lens-dependent aberrations

11-3.2. Contrast enhancement

11-3.3. Image filtering

11-4. Image transformation

11-4.1. Image ratios and vegetation indices

11-4.2. Principal components analysis and color-space transformations

11-5. Image classification

11-6. Stereoviewing and photogrammetric analysis

11-6.1. Creating simple on-screen stereoviews

11-6.2. Using printouts under a stereoscope

11-6.3. Digital stereoviewing

11-6.4. Stereoscopic measuring and mapping

11-6.5. DEM generation

11-7. Software for SFAP analysis

11-8. Summary

Part III

Chapter 12: Glacial geomorphology

12-1. Introduction

12-2. Glacial erosion

12-3. Glacial deposition

12-4. Glacial deformation

12-5. Summary

Chapter 13: Gully erosion monitoring

13-1. Introduction

13-2. Study sites and survey

13-3. Gully mapping and change analysis

13-4. Summary

Chapter 14: Wetland environments

14-1. Overview

14-2. Raised bogs, Estonia

14-2.1. Endla Nature Reserve

14-2.2. Nigula Nature Reserve

14-2.3. Discussion

14-3. Prairie marshes and playas, Kansas

14-3.1. Cheyenne Bottoms

14-3.2. Dry Lake

14-3.3. Discussion

14-4. Summary

Chapter 15: Biocontrol of salt cedar

15-1. Salt cedar problem

15-2. USBR study site

15-3. Analysis of KAP results

15-4. Summary

Chapter 16: Vegetation and erosion

16-1. Introduction

16-2. Monitoring vegetation and erosion test sites

16-3. Influence of grazing on vegetation cover

16-4. Combating desertification and soil degradation

16-5. Summary

Chapter 17: Soil mapping and soil degradation

17-1. Introduction

17-2. Soils and long-term human land use

17-3. Summary

Chapter 18: Architecture and property management

18-1. Introduction

18-2. Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri

18-3. Property management, Lake Kahola, Kansas

18-4. Summary

Chapter 19: Golf course management

19-1. Overview

19-2. Garden City, Kansas

19-3. Summary

References

Index