Chapter 1. Overview of Natural Gas Resources
- 1.1. The formation of natural gas
- 1.2. Conventional natural gas resources
- 1.3. Gas reservoir fluids
- 1.4. Unconventional natural gas resources
- 1.5. Hydraulic fracturing
Chapter 2. Natural Gas Properties
- 2.1. Fluid distribution in reservoir
- 2.2. Phase behavior of hydrocarbon systems
- 2.3. Pressure–volume–temperature properties of hydrocarbon fluids
- 2.4. Gas compressibility factor
- 2.5. Equation of state
- 2.6. Gas specific gravity
- 2.7. Gas density
- 2.8. Specific volume
- 2.9. Isothermal compressibility of gases
- 2.10. Gas formation volume factor
- 2.11. Standard volume
- 2.12. Acentric factor
- 2.13. Viscosity
- 2.14. Thermal conductivity
- 2.15. Gross heating value of natural gases
Chapter 3. Single-phase and Multiphase Flow in Natural Gas Production Systems
- 3.1. Basic fluid flow theory
- 3.2. Process pipe sizing for plants located onshore single phase
- 3.3. Process pipe sizing for plants located offshore
- 3.4. Transmission pipelines
- 3.5. Two-phase mixture properties
- 3.6. Two-phase flow pressure drop
- 3.7. General aspects in design of piping systems in oil, gas, and petrochemical plants
- 3.8. Isometric drawings
- 3.9. Line identification list
- 3.10. Pipe supports
- 3.11. Pressure testing diagram
- 3.12. Tie-in diagram
- 3.13. Above-ground piping systems
- 3.14. Valves
- 3.15. Flanges
- 3.16. Instrument piping
- 3.17. Sample systems
- 3.18. Vents and drains
- 3.19. Blow-down
- 3.20. Utility piping
- 3.21. Piping adjacent to equipment
- 3.22. Piping flexibility
- 3.23. Piping supports
- 3.24. Insulation
- 3.25. Piping connections to existing plant
- 3.26. Underground piping systems
Chapter 4. Gas–Liquid Separators
- 4.1. Gravity settling
- 4.2. Gas–liquid separators in oil and gas processing
- 4.3. Conventional gas–liquid separators
- 4.4. Design criteria of separators
- 4.5. Gas–liquid separator sizing
- 4.6. Specification sheet
- 4.7. Mist eliminator type and installation point
- 4.8. Centrifugal gas–liquid separators
- 4.9. Flare knock-out drums
- 4.10. Gas–liquid filter separators
- 4.11. Process requirements of vessels, reactors, and separators
- 4.12. Nature of the feed
- 4.13. Solid–liquid separators
- 4.14. Typical equations, which can be used for terminal velocity calculation
- 4.15. Vessels
Chapter 5. Gas Compressors
- 5.1. Type selection criteria
- 5.2. Centrifugal compressors
- 5.3. Design criteria
- 5.4. Reciprocating compressors
- 5.5. Axial compressors
- 5.6. Screw compressors
- 5.7. Rotary compressors
- 5.8. Compressor cooling water jacket
- 5.9. Atmospheric pressure
- 5.10. Specification sheets
- 5.11. Material for axial and centrifugal compressors and expander-compressors
- 5.12. Centrifugal and axial compressors
- 5.13. Integrally geared compressors
- 5.14. Expander-compressors
Chapter 6. Blow-Down and Flare Systems
- 6.1. Blow-down system for vapor relief stream
- 6.2. Blow-down system for liquid relief stream
- 6.3. Design of disposal system components
- 6.4. Sizing a knock-out drum
- 6.5. Quench drum
- 6.6. Flares
- 6.7. Burning pits
- 6.8. Determination of liquid level in a horizontal vessel
- 6.9. Sample calculation for sizing a flare stack
- 6.10. Process design of emergency measures
Chapter 7. Safety Relive Valves Design
- 7.1. Provisions of pressure safety relief valves
- 7.2. Provisions of temperature safety valves
- 7.3. Provisions of vacuum safety valves
- 7.4. Provisions of rupture disks
- 7.5. Spare safety valves
- 7.6. Selection of type
- 7.7. Closed spring type valves
- 7.8. Safety valves with lifting devices
- 7.9. Temperature safety relief valves
- 7.10. Safety valve caps
- 7.11. Safety valve drains
- 7.12. Rupture disc types
- 7.13. Safety valve bonnet
- 7.14. Set pressure
- 7.15. Pressure safety or relief valve set pressure
- 7.16. Temperature safety valve set pressure
- 7.17. Rupture disc set pressure
- 7.18. Vacuum relief valve set pressure
- 7.19. Sizing
- 7.20. Vacuum relief valve sizing
- 7.21. Temperature safety valve sizing
- 7.22. Rupture disc sizing
- 7.23. Emergency vapor depressuring systems
- 7.24. Arrangement of safety relief valves
- 7.25. Location on vessels
- 7.26. Location of safety valve nozzles to minimize turbulence
- 7.27. Location of safety valve nozzles to minimize pulsation
- 7.28. Inlet piping of safety relief valves
- 7.29. Discharge piping of safety relief valves
- 7.30. Block valves
- 7.31. Discharge piping support
- 7.32. Position
- 7.33. Discharge piping of temperature safety valves
- 7.34. Venting and draining philosophy
- 7.35. Vapor venting
- 7.36. Liquid venting
- 7.37. Safety valve bonnet venting
- 7.38. Safety valve draining
- 7.39. Sizing for gas or vapor relief
- 7.40. Sizing for liquid relief
- 7.41. Material and engineering for pressure and vacuum relief devices
- 7.42. Design of rupture disks
- 7.43. Material
- 7.44. Inspection and shop tests
- 7.45. Marking, documentation, and preparation for shipment
- 7.46. General specification for springs of pressure relief valves
- 7.47. Testing and dimensional checks
Chapter 8. Sizing of Valve and Control Valve
- 8.1. Manual valves
- 8.2. Check valves
- 8.3. Control valves
- 8.4. Control valve sizing
- 8.5. Calculating Cv for liquids
- 8.6. Liquid sizing examples
- 8.7. Calculating Cv for gases
- 8.8. Calculating Cv for two phase flow
- 8.9. Engineering and material for control valves
- 8.10. Control valve body size and flange rating
- 8.11. Control valve characteristics
- 8.12. Control valve manifold design
- 8.13. Control valve block and bypass valves
- 8.14. Control valve packing and sealing
- 8.15. Control valve noise and vibration caused by sonic flow
- 8.16. Control valve actuators
- 8.17. Actuator construction materials
Chapter 9. Natural Gas Dehydration
- 9.1. Phase behavior of dehydrated natural gas
- 9.2. Water content of natural gases
- 9.3. Gas water content prediction using generalized charts
- 9.4. Gas water content prediction using empirical methods
- 9.5. Methods based on EOS
- 9.6. Hydrates in natural gas systems
- 9.7. Thermodynamic model for the hydrate phase
- 9.8. Hydrate predictions for high CO2/H2S content gases
- 9.9. Hydrate inhibition
- 9.10. Natural gas dehydration methods
- 9.11. Adsorption of water by a solid
Chapter 10. Natural Gas Sweetening
- 10.1. Chemical solvent processes
- 10.2. Process selection
- 10.3. Chemical reaction processes
- 10.4. Simplified design calculations
- 10.5. General considerations
- 10.6. Corrosion in gas sweetening plants
- 10.7. Flash tank
- 10.8. Combined physical/chemical purification processes
- 10.9. Carbonate process
- 10.10. Physical absorption methods
- 10.11. Solid bed sweetening methods (batch Processes)
- 10.12. Process design
Chapter 11. Sulfur Recovery
- 11.1. The Claus process
- 11.2. Technology overview
- 11.3. Acid gas enrichment
- 11.4. Oxygen enrichment
- 11.5. Reheat methods
- 11.6. Combustion operation
- 11.7. Sulfur condenser operation
- 11.8. Waste heat recovery operation
- 11.9. Catalyst converter operation
- 11.10. Claus tail gas treating process selection
- 11.11. Contact condenser (two-stage quench)
- 11.12. Solvent selection criteria in the tail gas unit
- 11.13. Ammonia destruction in a TGU (RACTM)
- 11.14. BSR Selectox
Chapter 12. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Recovery
- 12.1. Properties
- 12.2. Natural gas liquids processing
- 12.3. Fractionation
- 12.4. Packed columns
- 12.5. Basic design requirements
- 12.6. Fractionation and system configuration
- 12.7. Absorption/stripping
- 12.8. Control and optimization
- 12.9. Storing and handling of liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs)
- 12.10. Design considerations
- 12.11. Transfer of LPG within the off-Site facilities of oil and gas processing (OGP) plants
- 12.12. Pressure storage spheres for LPG
- 12.13. Material selection
- 12.14. General information
- 12.15. Design of pressure storage spheres
- 12.16. Nozzles and connections
- 12.17. Mountings
- 12.18. Access facilities
- 12.19. Fabrication
- 12.20. Insulation
Chapter 13. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
- 13.1. The LNG chain
- 13.2. The LNG liquefaction facility
- 13.3. Liquefaction process
- 13.4. LNG storage
- 13.5. In-tank pump process objectives
- 13.6. LNG shipping
- 13.7. Liquefaction and refrigeration
- 13.8. Basic single flow LNG process
- 13.9. Multistage MR process
- 13.10. Mixed fluid cascade process
- 13.11. Classification of natural gas liquefaction processes
- 13.12. Type of LNG plants
- 13.13. Liquefaction cycle for LNG FPSO
- 13.14. Proposed LNG liquefaction processes for FPSO
- 13.15. Storage and transfer facilities of LNG
Chapter 14. Basic Engineering Design for Natural Gas Processing Projects
- 14.1. Contents of BEDP
- 14.2. Items common for all units
- 14.3. Manuals
- 14.4. Individual items for each unit
- 14.5. Specifications and data sheets
- 14.6. Drawings
- 14.7. Recommended practice for feasibility studies
- 14.8. Prefeasibility studies
- 14.9. Outline of prefeasibility study
- 14.10. Feasibility studies
- 14.11. Production program and plant capacity
- 14.12. Technology choice
- 14.13. Selection of machinery and equipment
- 14.14. Civil engineering works
- 14.15. Estimates of overall investment costs (capital cost estimates)
- 14.16. Organization and overhead costs
- 14.17. Human resources
- 14.18. Implementation, planning, and budgeting
- 14.19. Financial analysis and investment appraisal
- 14.20. Method of investment appraisal
- 14.21. Break-even analysis
- 14.22. Preparation of basic engineering design data
- 14.23. Data preparation of utilities (utility summary tables)
- 14.24. Data preparation of effluents
- 14.25. Data preparation of catalysts and chemicals
Chapter 15. Detailed Engineering and Design for Natural Gas Processing Projects
- 15.1. Detailed implementation plan
- 15.2. Project schedule and control services
- 15.3. Quality assurance and control
- 15.4. Detailed design and engineering
- 15.5. Procurements services
- 15.6. Supply of materials
- 15.7. Detail design & engineering documents
- 15.8. Supply of spare parts, miscellaneous equipment and materials, chemicals and catalysts
- 15.9. Reimbursable items
- 15.10. Process flow diagram (PFD) and piping and instrumentation diagrams
- 15.11. Identification and numbering of equipment
- 15.12. Description of equipment
- 15.13. Description of instrumentation
- 15.14. Material balance table
- 15.15. Piping and equipment symbols
- 15.16. Piping & instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs)
- 15.17. Minimum information to be shown on P&IDs
- 15.18. Equipment indication
- 15.19. Instrumentation
- 15.20. Piping
- 15.21. Special requirements
- 15.22. General notes
- 15.23. Design criteria for preparation of P&IDs
- 15.24. Bypass for safety/relief valve
- 15.25. Criteria for utility flow diagrams
- 15.26. Preparation of P&IDs
- 15.27. Handling of licensed process
- 15.28. Revisions of P&ID
- 15.29. Block and bypass valves for control valve
- 15.30. Philosophy of instrumentation installation
Chapter 16. Start-up Sequence and Commissioning Procedures
- 16.1. Preparation prior to initial start-up
- 16.2. Final inspection of vessels
- 16.3. Flushing of lines
- 16.4. Instruments
- 16.5. Acid cleaning of compressor lines
- 16.6. Breaking-in pumps
- 16.7. Breaking-in compressors
- 16.8. Dry-out and boil-out
- 16.9. Catalyst loading
- 16.10. Tightness test
- 16.11. Normal start-up procedures
- 16.12. Catalytic units reactor section air purging and gas blanketing
- 16.13. Heat exchanger activation
- 16.14. Vacuum test
- 16.15. Establish flow in the unit
- 16.16. Inhibitor/chemical injections
- 16.17. Typical acid cleaning procedure for compressor lines
- 16.18. The acid-cleaning operation
- 16.19. Typical heater dry-out procedure
- 16.20. Typical chemical boil-out sequence
- 16.21. Basic considerations in preparing operating manuals
- 16.22. Safety manual/quality manual
- 16.23. Non-licensed processes
- 16.24. Noteworthy points
- 16.25. Design basis
- 16.26. Plant technical and equipment manuals