Hypercrosslinked Polymeric Networks and Adsorbing Materials

Hypercrosslinked Polymeric Networks and Separation Media

INTRODUCTION

PART I.  KNOWN TYPES OF POLYSTYRENE NETWORKS

1. GEL-TYPE (HOMOGENEOUS) POLYSTYRENE NETWORKS     
1.1. Gel-type styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers by free radical copolymerization   
1.1.1. Monomer reactivity ratio in crosslinking copolymerization
1.1.2. Monomer reactivity ratios of styrene and divinylbenzene isomers
1.2. Gel-type styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers by anionic copolymerization   
1.2.1. Synthesis of model “ideal” styrene-divinylbenzene networks by anionic block-copolymerization
1.2.2. Verification of swelling theory
1.2.3. Characterization of model networks by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) technique
1.2.4. Presumptive mechanism of swelling of model networks
1.2.5. Interpenetration of polymeric coils in model networks
1.2.6. Study of model networks by the other methods      
1.3. Gel-type ion exchange resins        

2. INTERPENETRATING POLYSTYRENE NETWORKS      
2.1. Interpenetrating styrene-divinylbenzene networks      
2.2. Interpenetrating ion exchange resins       

3. MACROPOROUS (HETEROGENEOUS) POLYSTYRENE NETWORKS     
3.1. Macroporous styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers       
3.1.1. Determination of the porous structure parameters
3.1.2. Phase separation during the crosslinking copolymerization in the presence of diluents
3.1.3. Formation of macroporous copolymers in the presence of precipitating diluents
3.1.3.1. Experimental findings
3.1.3.2. Formation of macroporous texture in the presence of precipitating diluents
3.1.4. Formation of macroporous copolymers in the presence of solvating diluents
3.1.5. Formation of macroporous copolymers in the presence of linear polystyrene
3.2. Macroporous ion exchange resins       

4. GIGAPOROUS POLYMERIC SEPARATING MEDIA
4.1. Formation of gigaporous texture in the presence of solid porogens    
4.2. Formation of gigaporous texture by polymerization of reversed emulsions   
4.3. Porous polymeric monolith        
4.3.1. In situ preparation of porous continuous polymeric beds
4.3.2. Polymeric monoliths in chromatography and electrochromatography

5. ISOPOROUS ANION EXCHANGE RESINS

References to PART I

PART II.  HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYSTYRENE NETWORKS

6. PREPARATION OF MACRONET ISOPOROUS AND HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYSTYRENE NETWORKS
6.1. Basic principles of formation of hypercrosslinked polystyrene networks
6.2. Crosslinking agents and chemistry of post-crosslinking
6.3. New terms for polymeric networks
6.4. Synthesis of macronet isoporous and hypercrosslinked polystyrene networks
6.4.1. Choice of solvents and catalysts
6.4.2. Synthesis conditions of macronet isoporous and hypercrosslinked polystyrene networks
6.4.3. FTIR spectra of hypercrosslinked polystyrenes.
6.4.4. Some chemical groups in the structure of hypercrosslinked polystyrene
6.4.5. Synthesis of hypercrosslinked networks in the presence of aqueous solutions of Friedel-Crafts catalysts

7. PROPERTIES OF HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYSTYRENE
7.1. Factors determining the swelling behavior of hypercrosslinked polystyrene networks
7.1.1. The influence of dilution of the initial system
7.1.2. The role of the initial copolymer network
7.1.3. Influence of the uniformity of crosslink distribution
7.1.4. The role of inner stresses of the hypercrosslinked network and the structure of crosslinking bridges
7.1.5. The role of the reaction rate of polystyrene with crosslinking agents
7.1.6. The effect of the reaction medium
7.1.7. The influence of polystyrene molecular weight
7.2. Kinetics of swelling of hypercrosslinked polystyrene
7.3. Some remarks concerning the swelling ability of three-dimensional polymers
7.4. Swelling and deformation of hypercrosslinked networks
7.4.1. Physical background of photoelasticity phenomenon
7.4.2. Visualization of inner stresses in networks on swelling
7.5. Porosity of hypercrosslinked polystyrene
7.5.1. Apparent density of hypercrosslinked polystyrenes
7.5.2. Apparent inner surface area of hypercrosslinked polystyrenes
7.5.3. Pore volume of hypercrosslinked polymers
7.5.4. Pore size and pore size distribution of hypercrosslinked polystyrenes
Low temperature adsorption of nitrogen 
Mercury intrusion 
Inversed size exclusion chromatography
Annihilation of positronium
Miscellaneous techniques
7.6. Morphology of hypercrosslinked polystyrenes
7.6.1. Investigation of polymer texture by electron microscopy
7.6.2. Investigation of hypercrosslinked polystyrenes by small angle X-ray scattering  
7.7. Biporous hypercrosslinked polystyrene networks
7.8. Thermomechanical properties of hypercrosslinked polystyrene
7.8.1. Thermomechanical tests and the physical state of hypercrosslinked networks
7.8.2. Thermodilatometric analysis of hypercrosslinked polymers
7.8.3. Thermal stability of hypercrosslinked polystyrene
7.9. Deswelling of porous network polymers

8. SOLUBLE INTRAMOLECULARLY HYPERCROSSLINKED NANOSPONGES
8.1. Intramolecular crosslinking of polystyrene coils
8.2. Properties of polystyrene nanosponges
8.3. Self-assembling of nanosponges to regular clusters

9. HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYMERS – A NOVEL CLASS OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS
9.1. Distinguishing structural features of hypercrosslinked polystyrene networks
9.2. Unusual structure-property relations for hypercrosslinked polystyrene
9.3. Other types of hypercrosslinked networks
9.3.1. Macroporous hypercrosslinked styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers and related networks
9.3.2. Hypercrosslinked polysulfone
9.3.3. Hypercrosslinked polyarylates
9.3.4. Hypercrosslinked polyxylylene
9.3.5. Hypercrosslinked polyanilines
9.3.6. Hypercrosslinked polyamide and polyimide networks
9.3.7. Hydrophilic hypercrosslinked pyridine-containing polymers
9.3.8. Other types of hypercrosslinked organic polymers
9.3.9. Hypercrosslinked polysilsesquioxane networks
9.3.10. Metal-organic frameworks
9.4. Commercially available hypercrosslinked polystyrene resins

References to PART II

PART III.  APPLICATION OF HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYSTYRENE ADSORBING MATERIALS

10. SORPTION OF GASES AND ORGANIC VAPORS
10.1. Polymeric adsorbents versus activated carbons
10.2. Analysis of adsorption isotherms on hypercrosslinked polystyrenes
10.3. Sorption of organic vapors under static conditions
10.4. Kinetics of sorption of hydrocarbon vapors
10.5. Sorption of hydrocarbon vapors under dynamic conditions
10.6. Desorption of hydrocarbons
10.7. Passivity of hypercrosslinked sorbents
10.8. Evaluation of adsorption activity of hypercrosslinked sorbents by means of gas chromatography

11.  SORPTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
11.1. Sorption of organic synthetic dyes
11.2. Sorption of tributyl ester of phosphoric acid
11.3. Sorption of n-valeric acid
11.4. Clarification of colored fermentation liquids
11.5. Sorption of lipids
11.6. Sorption of gasoline
11.7. Sorption of phenols
11.8. Removal of chloroform from industrial waste water
11.9. Sorption of pesticides
11.10. Extraction of caffeine from coffee beans
11.11. Decolorizing aqueous sugar syrups
11.12. Removal of bitterness from citrus juice
11.13. Sorption of cephalosporin C
11.14. Sorption of miscellaneous organic compounds
11.15. Hypercrosslinked sorbents versus Amberlite XAD-4
11.16. Sorption of inorganic cations

12. NANOPOROUS ADSORBING MATERIALS IN SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY OF MINERAL ELECTROLYTES
12.1. Development of the chromatographic separations of mineral electrolytes under conditions excluding ion exchange. Related work by others
12.2. Preparative separation of electrolytes via ion size exclusion (ISE) on neutral nanoporous materials
12.3. Remarkable features of size-exclusion chromatography
12.4. Size of hydrated ions
12.5. Selectivity of separation in ion size exclusion
12.6. Phase distribution of ions between aqueous solutions and nanoporous materials
12.7. Conception of “ideal separation process”
12.8. Size-exclusion chromatography – a general approach to separation of electrolytes
12.8.1. Use of other microporous column packings
12.8.2. Productivity of ion size exclusion process
12.8.3. Ion size exclusion – green technology
12.9. Application niche for size-exclusion chromatography of electrolytes
12.10. Chromatographic resolution of a salt into its parent acid and base constituents

13. HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYSTYRENE AS COLUMN PACKING MATERAL IN HPLC
13.1. Macroporous polystyrene versus silica-based HPLC packings
13.2. Hypercrosslinked polystyrene as restricted access adsorption material
13.3. Ion exchanging and metal complexing ability of hypercrosslinked polystyrene
13.4. ¿-¿-Interaction selectivity in HPLC on hypercrosslinked polystyrene
13.4.1. Reversed phase chromatography
13.4.2. Quasi-normal phase chromatography
13.4.3. Mixed-mode chromatography

14. SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS WITH HYPERCROSSLINKED SORBENTS
14.1 Why pre-concentration is needed?
14.2. Basic principle of solid-phase extraction
14.3. SPE pre-concentration of phenolic compounds
14.4. SPE trace enrichment of pesticides
14.5. SPE trace enrichment of pharmaceuticals
14.6. SPE enrichment of organic compounds from biological liquids
14.7. SPE in food analysis
14.8. SPE enrichment of organic acids
14.9. SPE enrichment of miscellaneous compounds
14.10. Hypercrosslinked polystyrene sorbents versus Oasis HLB
14.11. ¿-¿-Interactions and SPE from non-aqueous media
14.12. Pre-concentration of volatile organic compounds in air

15. HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYSTYRENE AS HEMOSORBENTS
15.1. Hemoperfusion vs hemodialysis in blood purification
15.2. Hypercrosslinked polymers for the removal of b2-microglobulin
15.3. Biocompatibility of hypercrosslinked polystyrene: in vitro and in vivo studies
15.4. Clinical studies
15.5. Further perspectives for hemoperfusion on hypercrosslinked sorbents

16. HYPERCROSSLINKED ION EXCHANGE RESINS
16.1. Ion exchange capacity and swelling behavior of hypercrosslinked strong acidic ion exchange resins
16.2. Kinetics of ion exchange on hypercrosslinked resins
16.3. Selectivity of ion exchange on hypercrosslinked strong acidic cation exchange resins
16.4. Porosity of dry hypercrosslinked strong acidic ion exchange resins
16.5. Anion exchange resins
16.6. Properties of commercial hypercrosslinked ion exchange resins

17. OTHER APPLICATIONS OF HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYSTYRENE
17.1. Extraction of rhenium by impregnated hypercrosslinked sorbents
17.2. Heterogeneous membranes filled with hypercrosslinked polystyrene
17.3. Nanocomposite catalysts of organic reactions
17.4. Storage of hydrogen and methane on hypercrosslinked polystyrene
17.5. Carbonaceous sorbents based on hypercrosslinked polystyrene